β.1.β.5.8 Seguinot‟s Study
The contribution of this theory in this research is also for the enrichment of the understanding of a translator in the application of Bottom-up Translation
Aprroach elaborated by Manfredi 2008 as a theoretical framework of translation strategy in the process of transferring the logical meaning from TBWS into
English. Seguinot 1989 says that there are at least three global strategies employed by the translators, they are: i translating without interruption for as
long as possible, ii correcting surface errors immediately, iii leaving the monitoring for qualitative or stylistic errors in the text to the revision stage. This
global strategy refers to the general plan that must be conducted by the translators. The first plan is to complete the translation without any interruption. This plan is
to provide the initial draft of the translation. The second plan refers to the identification and classification of the translation problem for correction. This is
conducted to do the transition quality to assess the translation equivalence. Any factor which spoils the equivalence must be corrected. The third plan refers to the
editing, revising, and proof-reading for the last draft of the translation in reference with the translation accuracy, acceptability, and readability for the reason of a
wider readership.
2.2 The Previous Studies β.β.1 Lubis‟ Research β009
This research was conducted for two main purposes. The first purpose was to explore the translation problem in translating the Text of Mangupa, a
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Mandailingness cultural text into English. The second purpose is to maintain and introduce the highly valuable traditional ceremony which is only known by the
Mandailingness to other societies. The research design is categorized to a descriptive qualitative type. The object of the study is a written text of Mangupa
consisting of 22 paragraphs and 37 verses. The research method used in this research is meaning-based translation method. The findings of the research
indicate that there are more differences than similarities in linguistic structures such as affixation, compounding, reduplication, clipping, system of pronoun,
structure of phrase etc. They also indicate that Mandailingnese society and English society differ greatly in some cultural aspects such as religion, belief,
family, marriage, types of society, etc.
β.β.β Silalahi‟s Research β009
The object investigated in this research is concentrated on the formulation of translation techniques applied in the translation of “Medical-Surgical Nursing”
text into Bahasa Indonesia; the description of the translation methods; the interpretation of the translation ideologies adopted; and the assessment of the
impact of the translation techniques, methods and ideologies on the quality of the translated text into Bahasa Indonesia. The method used in this research is
classified as the descriptive-qualitative research which is embedded-case study and oriented to translation product involving the research objects and the affective
aspects. The sources of the data consist of documents, key informants, and respondents selected with purposive sampling technique. The findings of this
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research indicate that there are eight translation techniques used to render the meanings of “Medical-Surgical Nursing” text into Bahasa Indonesia. These
include literal, pure borrowing, naturalized borrowing, calque, transposition, modulation, deletion, and addition technique. The findings also indicate that
literal, pure borrowing, naturalized borrowing, and calque are applied to SL while transposition, modulation, deletion and addition are used to TL. So it is concluded
that the translator of the text tended to choose literal, faithful, and semantic translation methods. Third, the use of translation techniques and the selection of
translation methods tend to be based on the adoption of the ideology of foreignization. In addition to that, pure borrowing, naturalized borrowing, calque,
and also literal technique contribute significantly to the accuracy of the translation while the application of transposition, modulation, deletion, and addition appears
to have a negative impact on the accuracy. It was also identified that some data were less acceptable and unacceptable and this mostly relates to the use of
ungrammatical target sentences. In addition, the use of some foreign technical terms, inappropriate collocations, unfamiliar Indonesian lexical items, and
mistyping make some data less readable for the target readers. Based on the research findings, one of the very important suggestions given in this research is
that Indonesian government needs to establish an institution which is responsible for quality assurance and control of quality of translations within the areas of
science and technology in particular.
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β.β.γ Johnson‟s Research β006
This research is a thesis submitted to fulfill one of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The research is to examine some particular
problems in Indonesian language for translators, whether translating from Indonesian to English or English to Indonesian. The method used in this research
is a type of multifaceted approach. It is used to enable the translation to be viewed in much the same way as the kinds of demands it places on the translator who
needs constantly to be aware of the author-reader, source-target culture, syntax, semantics, semiotics, even geography and politics. The method uses metaphor and
illustration to describe theoretical process of translation which is justified in the same way that imagery is justified in the same way that imagery is justified in
literature. The method also uses artificial distinction which is often made between interpretation and translation, so translation acquires flexibility and a deeper
ethical structure. The method also uses a symbolic approach which may be used by the translator by involving the perception of modules within text, identified
with symbols that can facilitate the process of translation. The data used in this research is a set of corpus showing the history of Indonesian words which can
readily affect their meanings and the history of English words which may affect the choice of the terms. The research proves difficult to demonstrate any
particular effect of the history or layer of the meaning or the choice of terminology in translation. It seems that once the Indonesian term has been
understood, the translation that will emerge will not particularly be bound by
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reference to the history of English terminology. It is concluded that the research hypotheses may be reduced to an observation that the derivation of the Indonesian
term is important in fully understanding the scope of meaning of the terms.
β.β.4 Guo‟s Research β011
The focus of this research is the translation of explicitation from Chinese into English. The problem of the study is that some types of explicitation should
be adopted in Chinese-English translation in order to meet the need of the readers, the language and the function of the TL. Theoretical framework used in this
research includes the concept which states that explicitation or explicitness means to make something implied explicit and clear, or to explain something;
explicitation is a phenomenon in which the TL states the ST information in a more explicit form of the original Shuttleworth Cowie, 1997: 55; Explicitation is
one of the universal translation, which research has been done on it Baker, 1998. The method used in this research is the comparison between the Chinese chapter
titles of Hong Lou Meng and their three English versions. Hong Lou Meng is one of the masterpieces of Chinese “Zhang Hui” novels which are a special form in
ancient Chinese literature. Chapter title have vivid, colorful, rhythmic feature and artistic value, so special attention is paid to the choice of words and sentence
pattern. The original and the three translations are taken from the corpus made by Yanshan University, China. The data of the research are the paratactic Chinese
into hypotactic English. The findings show that translator use explicitation in the translation of paratactic Chinese into hypotactic English to explain meaning to the
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target reader Shuttleworth Cowie, 1997: 55. There are three types of explicitation within the text, they are: 1. Explicitation of implied subject; 2.
Explicitation of cohesion and coherence; 3. Explicitation of grammatical meaning. The reason why explicitation is done in the translation is to meet the need of the
target reader; and to show the unity of the form and meaning of the ST; to reach the goal of the translation.
β.β.5 Burgos et al‟s Research β007
The focus of this research is on the significance of the dynamic equivalence in the translation of the Mexican cultural text. The research objective
includes: 1. To emphasize the important of the dynamic equivalence when facing cultural problem; 2. To identify the characteristics of the Mexican culture based
on two text related to a period of time on the history of Mexico and Gastronomy on the common element that are exclusively grounded on them, that are almost
impossible to translate; 3. To determine the effectiveness of the dynamic equivalence for avoiding cultural problem in the translation process. Theoretical
framework used in this study is “Translation is the ability to mediate between culture, to explain one to another, mixed loyalties, the push and the pull of the
source and target culture Robinson, 1997: 222; Culture is the way of life and its manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as
its means of expression New Mark, 1988: 94; Culture is knowledge in which a person learns by direct instruction or watching Hudson, 1996; The relationship
between language and culture is that the structure of language determines the way
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in which the speakers of the language view the world. Different speakers will experience the world differently at the same level in which the languages they
speak differ structurally. This research is a type of survey design in which translation and question are interpreted qualitatively but complemented with
quantitative analysis to show the effectiveness of the dynamic equivalence. The research is conducted at licenciatura en Lenguas Modernas LEMO, Bedermerita
Universidad Autonoma de Puebla BUAP in which 10 students and 6 professors are from the population of translation area. The research procedure is as follows:
1. Material was provided to the subjects; 2. Analyzing all the material; 3. The subjects are instructed to practice their knowledge to produce a suitable
translation; 4. Analyzing the subjects‟ answer as the way to translate the cultural elements in the text related to Mexican culture and Gastronomic text. The sources
of data are two kinds of text. The first is related to the specific period of time on the history of Mexico. The second is related to the time on Gastronomy regarding
Mexican culture. The first text is from English into Spanish, while the second text is from Spanish into English. The subject of research include a group of students
of translation VIII of LEMO Faculty who translated the history of Mexico text; and some professional translator who work as professors in the LEMO Faculty of
the BUAP university or as well who translate the Gastronomy text. The findings are as follows: 1. β0 of LEMO Students‟ problem is that they are lack of
vocabulary in the translation; 30 of them use dynamic equivalence; 10 have communicative trash; and 60 use paraphrasing; 2. 12 of the professional
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translators use borrowing; 17 use adaptation; 6 uses paraphrasing; 5 use substitute; and 60 use dynamic. It is concluded that students have experience on
the methods of translation. Their theoretical aspects are better developed than the practical one. Using paraphrasing as the most suitable techniques rather than
dynamic equivalence and dynamic equivalence is the most used teaching in recipe.
β.β.6 Zhang‟s Research 2011
The focus of this research is to investigate the role of translation in the international news of CCTV-NEWS, China official 24-hours English Television
channels. The research problem to prove is that a study of translation in Chinese media
can offer the west a better understanding of the country‟s perspective to globalization and self-identification in globalization. The objective is to find out
textual strategies that CCTV_NEWS adopted to translate domestic news for English speaking audiences and influences on translation from media organization
and China society. Theoretical framework used in this research is based on van Dijk 1988: 1-20 saying that news report as a particular type of discourse, and
that messages need to be understood in their own right, and ibid. p. 9 also arguing that discourse as a communicative event which has to focus on textual
structure and cognitive social and political context. This research adopt a case study design to present the opportunity of systematica
lly analyzing China‟s television news production in its cultural and political context and bring media
insiders‟ views on international news production into academic studies. The data
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are sample of English news text and their ST in Chinese, telephone on line semi structural interview with four staffs of CCTV-NEWS, as well as the staffs own
response to the media system and news production process. The data collection procedure follows random selection from the news reports from 5
th
June 2010 to 13
th
June 2010. The technique of the data collection is recording all programs from 5
th
June to 13
th
June from a TV set. The technique of the data analysis is by using van Dijk theory 1988 on the framework of discourse analysis to compare
the sample texts and their ST and the information in the interview is taken as reference of the study object‟s behavior and opinions in social context. The
findings show that news translator use modification strategies at all text level in order to adopt ST so that they meet target western audiences interest and cognitive
transfer in the translation process. In addition they also show that the translator follows the notion of equivalence effect which makes rhetoric modification of
image possible.
β.β.7 Aghagolzadeh‟s Research 2012
The focus of this research is on the application of meaning-based functional approach as an objective criterion in analyzing error analysis in the
translation of legal document from English into Persian. The research problem is to see whether can be applied in the analysis of the error and how the application
is conducted. The research objective is to analyze error arising in the translation at sentence level. Theoretical framework is by using SFG which views the language
as a source one which makes semantic choices available to speakers and writers.
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In this case SFG makes use of two types of grammatical labels such as names of classes, including terms such as verb, nouns, adjective, adverb prepositional
phrase, noun group, etc.; and names of function in clauses, including participants, process, subject, predicator, theme, rhyme, etc. A constituent that is a member in a
single class can have a multifunction in a clause. The research method uses corpus –based approach which can be extended beyond the expression level to the
systemic functional meaning-based level. The translation error is collected from 15 participants selected among 400 people who participated in the English-Persian
translation exam held by the Iranian Judiciary for employing a number of official English translators. The translator is academic level with a limited experience of
living in an English speaking country. The procedure of the data collection is as follows: the subjects are instructed to translate 735 words within 112 sentences in
four different law subjects into Persian. They are instructed to translate the texts in 3 hours. They are allowed to use any kind of law dictionary. The technique of the
data analysis is by dividing the legal text into separate sentences. Each sentence is analyzed according to the categories. The findings of the research show that SFG
approach would be appropriate criteria for evaluating the accuracy of the legal document translation, not only for legal translators in producing an accurate and
perfect translation, but also for teachers in evaluating students‟ translation abilities
objectively.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
