In this case SFG makes use of two types of grammatical labels such as names of classes, including terms such as verb, nouns, adjective, adverb prepositional
phrase, noun group, etc.; and names of function in clauses, including participants, process, subject, predicator, theme, rhyme, etc. A constituent that is a member in a
single class can have a multifunction in a clause. The research method uses corpus –based approach which can be extended beyond the expression level to the
systemic functional meaning-based level. The translation error is collected from 15 participants selected among 400 people who participated in the English-Persian
translation exam held by the Iranian Judiciary for employing a number of official English translators. The translator is academic level with a limited experience of
living in an English speaking country. The procedure of the data collection is as follows: the subjects are instructed to translate 735 words within 112 sentences in
four different law subjects into Persian. They are instructed to translate the texts in 3 hours. They are allowed to use any kind of law dictionary. The technique of the
data analysis is by dividing the legal text into separate sentences. Each sentence is analyzed according to the categories. The findings of the research show that SFG
approach would be appropriate criteria for evaluating the accuracy of the legal document translation, not only for legal translators in producing an accurate and
perfect translation, but also for teachers in evaluating students‟ translation abilities
objectively.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
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2.3.1 Logical Meaning
The term logical meanings refers to the term logico-semantic relation in the tactic system of the logical metafunctions of a language as one of the object of
SFG in SFG as a branch of linguistics which is known as an independent scientific study of language. Halliday 1994 views logical meaning in the
interrelationship of clauses in clause complexes. This functionalist treats them into two approaches, they are: from the tactic system approach and from the
logico-semantic relation approach. Theoretically, by the two approaches logical meanings are classified into expansion and projection in paratactic and hypotactic
clauses. By the first approach, Halliday 1994 views logical meanings from the
tactic system i.e. based on the clause interrelationship in clause complex. Based on this approach, clause complexes are divided into the paratactic system and the
hypotactic system Ibid. 1994. According to the paratactic system, each of the clauses in the clause complex is independent to each other. Each of them has
equal status. It means that the status of a clause is not dependent toward other ones. Each of the clauses in the paratactic relation is symbolized by number. If a
paratactic system has two clauses, so the first clause is symbolized by number 1 and the second one is symbolized by number β. For instance “Mary has some
friend; Susan is one of them” is a clause complex of the paratactic system with two independent clauses. Here it is symbolized by 1 2
as in “1 Mary has some friends; 2
Susan is one of them”. If the clause has more than three clauses such as
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“Mary has two friends; her first friend is Susan; the second is Jill.”, so it is symbolized by 1 2 3 as
in “1 Mary has two friends; 2 her first friend is Susan; 3 the second is Jill.
According to the hypotactic system, the interrelationship of the clauses in a clause complex is interdepency. It means that the relation of a clause to another
clause is according to their status. A clause can be independent in which its presence in a clause complex does not depend on the existence of another clause.
A clause can be dependent in which its presence in a clause complex depends on the existence of another clause. An independent clause is symbolized by α. A
dependent clause which is not necessarily embedded in the independent one is symbolized by . Another dependent clause within , but which is not necessarily
embedded in it i s symbolized by . The other dependent clause within , but
which is not necessarily embedded in it, is symbolized by δ. So the continuation of the first clause up to the last one is symbolized by α δ. For instance each of
the clauses in a clause compl ex such as “Mary who loves john the young man
who works in my father‟s company which its head quarter is in this city is my sister.” is symbolized as in “α Mary is my sister; who loves john the young man;
who works in my father‟s company; δ which its head quarter is in this city.” In a real text i.e. spoken and written text, the stretches of the clauses in clause
complexes such as in the example above create a block of meanings in which the structure or pattern of logical functions or meanings can be analyzed.
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By the second approach Halliday, 1994 views logical meanings according to the logico-semantic relation of clauses in a clause complex, i.e. the
way a logical meaning is created by a clause in either a paratactic relation or a hypotactic one. According to Manfredi 2008, in SFG language works to make its
function which is also called as its meaning. It is said that the function of language is the meaning of the language. So in here, what is meant by the logical function
of a clause in a clause complex is its logical meaning in the clause complex. According to Halliday 1994, logical meanings are divided into expansion and
projection.
2.3.2 Expansion
Expansions are classified into elaboration, extension and enhancement Halliday, 1994.
1 Elaboration
Elaboration is divided into specification, exemplification, restatement, and commentary Ibid, 1994. Specification refers to the function of a clause to
expand the meaning of another clause by elaborating the meaning of the whole clause or part of the clause into a specific meaning in a nexus. Exemplification
refers to the function of a clause to expand the meaning of another clause by elaborating the meaning of the whole clause or part of the clause into some
examples in a nexus. Restatement refers to the function of a clause to expand the meaning of another clause by elaborating the meaning of the whole clause or part
of the clause into a restatement in a nexus. Commentary refers to the function of a
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clause to expand the meaning of another clause by elaborating the meaning of the whole clause or part of the clause into a commentary. The following is an
example of a paratactic elaboration expansion taken from the data of the ST. 1jadi pangke hamuma tu angka ulaon adat, 2tarlumobi angka tu ulaon ni hula--
hula muna Cause 1:
jadi pangke hamuma tu angka ulaon adat
Clause 2: tarlumobi angka tu ulaon ni hula--hula muna
The patterns of the logical meanings in this text are 1=2. It is a paratactic specification elaboration. 1 as an independent clause with a material process
functions as a clause which is expanded. 2 as an independent clause with a material process functions as a clause which expand the expanded clause. Here 1
is elaborated into greater detail by 2. So 1 =2 means that 1 as an independent clause functions as the clause which is elaborated into greater detail by 2 as an
independent elaborating clause in a paratactic specification elaboration.
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The following is an example of a hypotactic elaboration expansion which is taken from the ST:
αjadi, pos do roha nami sude hami angka simatuam; hula- hulam sinaga na adong di balige on
Clause α: αjadi, pos do roha nami sude hami angka simatuam
Clause : hula- hulam sinaga na adong di balige on
The patterns of the logical meanings in this text is α= . It is a hypotactic specification elaboration. α as an independent clause with a mental process
functions as the expanded clause. as a dependent clause with a relational process functions as the expanding clause. Here αis elaborated into greater detail by . So
α= β means that αas an independent clause which functions as the expanded clause is elaborated into greater detail by = as a dependent clause which
functions as the expanding clause in a paratactic specification elaboration.
2 Extension
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Extensions are divided into extension with “and” or “but”. Extension with
“and” refers to the function of an “and-clause” to expand the meaning of another clause by extending its meaning into a new one Halliday, 1994. Extension with
“but” refers to the function of a “but-clause” to expand the meaning of another clause by extending its meaning into a new one. The following is an example of a
paratactic extension expansion taken from the data of the ST: Clause:
1da hahang nadua i nungga parjolo borhat; 2songoni edamuna baomuna Clause 1:
da hahang nadua i nungga parjolo borhat
Clause 2: songoni edamuna baomuna
The patterns of the logical meanings in this text is 1 +2. It is a paratactic extension “and”. 1 as an independent clause with a relational process functions as
the expanded clause. β as an elliptical independent “and” clause functions as the
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expanding clause. Here 1 is extended by 2. So 1 +2 means that 1 as an independent expanded clause is expanded by 2 as an elliptical independent
extension “and” clause function as an expanding clause in a paratactic extension “and”.
3 Enhancement
Enhancements are classified into six Halliday, 1994. The first is spatial which refers to the function of a clause to expand the meaning of another clause
by enhancing it with a spatial meaning. The second is temporal which refers to the function of a clause to expand the meaning of another clause by enhancing it with
a temporal meaning. The third is conditional which refers to the function of a clause to expand the meaning of another clause by enhancing it with a conditional
meaning. The fourth is causal which refers to the function of a clause to expand the meaning of another clause by enhancing it with a causal meaning. The fifth is
concessive which refers to the function of a clause to expand the meaning of another clause by enhancing it with a concessive meaning. The sixth is manner
which refers to the function of a clause to expand the meaning of another clause by enhancing it with a manner meaning. The following is an example of a
paratactic enhancement expansion taken from the data of the ST: 1sma ibana; 2di asrama do
Clause 1: sma ibana
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Clause 2 di asrama do
The patterns of the logical meanings in this text are 1 x2. It is a paratactic spatial enhancement. 1 as an independent clause with a relational process
functions as the head clause. x2 as an elliptical independent spatial enhancement clause with a relational process functions as the modifier. Here 1 is enhanced by
2. So 1 x2 means that 1 as an independent clause is enhanced by 2 as elliptical independent enhancement modifier clauses in a paratactic spatial enhancement.
The following is an example of a hypotactic enhancement expansion taken from the data of the ST:
Clause: αpos rohanami; nang di tangiang nami nainggkon gabe keluarga namarbahagia
hamu Clause α:
pos rohanami
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Clause : nang di tangiang nami nainggkon gabe keluarga namarbahagia hamu
The patterns of the logical meanings in this text are α x . It is a hypotactic spatial enhancement. α as an independent clause with a relational process
functions as the expanded clause. as a dependent spatial enhancement clause with a relational process functions as the expanding clause. Here α is enhanced by
. So α x means that α as an independent clause is enhanced by as a dependent spatial enhancement modifier clause in a hypotactic spatial enhancement.
2.3.3 Projection
Projections are classified into locution and idea Halliday, 1994. A locution is differentiated from an idea based on the process used in their
projecting clause. Locution refers to the function of a clause to be projected by a projecting clause through wording the projected clause. A locution is projected by
a projecting clause with a verbal process. The following is an example of a paratactic locution taken from the data of the ST:
Clause:
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1saonnari dohonon nami ma ulos
2
pansamot
9
di laemi dohot ibotonami dison, 2passamot angka nauli nadenggan ma on dikeluarga ni laengku ibotongku
Clause 1: saonnari dohonon nami ma ulos pansamot
9
di laemi dohot ibotonami dison
Clause 2: passamot angka nauli nadenggan ma on
Clause 3: di keluarga ni laengku ibotongku
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The patterns of the logical meanings in this text are 1 “β. It is a type of paratactic locution projection. 1 as an independent clause with a verbal process
functions as the projecting clause. “β as an independent clause with a relational process functions as the projected clause. Here 1 projects “β. So 1 “β means that 1
as an independent projecting modifier clause projects “β as an independent projected clause in a paratactic locution projection.
The following is an example of a hypotactic locution projection taken from the data of the ST:
Clause: αmandok mauliate ma hita tu Tuhanta, ala nungga dioloi sangkap ni rohamuna i
Clause α: αmandok mauliate ma hita tu Tuhanta
Clause : ala nungga dioloi sangkap ni rohamuna i
The pattern of the logical meanings in this text is α “ . It is a hypotactic locution projection. α as an independent clause with a verbal process functions as
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the projected clause. “ as a dependent clause with a mental process functions as
the projected clause. Here α projects “ . So α “ means that α as an independent projecting clause projects “ as a dependent projected locution clause.
Idea refers to the function of a projected clause to be projected by a projecting clause through the meaning of the projected clause. An idea is
projected by a projecting clause with a mental process. The following is an example of a paratactic idea projection taken from the data of the ST:
Clause: 1martangiangma hita, 2asa anggiat gabe keluarga namarbahagia nasida
Clause 1: martangiangma hita
Clause 2: asa anggiat gabe keluarga namarbahagia nasida
The pattern of the logical meanings in this text is 1 „β. It is a hypotactic idea proposition projection. 1 as an independent clause with a mental process
functions as the projecting clause. „β as an independent clause with a relational
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process functions as the projected idea proposition clause. Here 1 projects „β. So 1 „β means that 1 as an independent projecting clause with a mental process
functions to project „β as an independent idea proposition clause in a paratactic idea proposition projection.
The following is an example of a hypotactic idea projection taken from the data of the ST:
Clause: αmartangiang hita tu Debata, asa dipasaut sude angka nasinangkapan ni
rohanta Clause 1:
αmartangiang hita tu Debata
Clause „ : asa dipasaut sude angka nasinangkapan ni rohanta
The pattern of the logical meanings in this text is α . It is a hypotactic idea proposition projection. α as an independent clause with a mental process
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functions as the projecting clause. as a dependent clause with a mental process functions as the p
rojected idea proposition. Here α projects . So α means that α as an independent projecting clause with a mental process functions to project
as a dependent idea proposition clause in a hypotactic idea proposition projection.
2.3.4 Text
In this research, the term “text” refers to theoretical concept which claims that it is a meaningful unit of language in context Manfredi, 2008; Halliday,
1994. According to the concept, it refers to any linguistic unit which is meaningful in context. It refers to the unit of any level which is meaningful in
context. It implies that it can refer to a morpheme in a word, or a word in a group of word, or a group of word in a clause simple, or a clause simple in a clause
complex. This means that a text can be a morpheme or a word or group or a phrase or clause, or a clause complex or a paragraph or the one which is bigger
than a paragraph. As an instance, the word “driver” in which the morpheme “-er” as a linguistic unit can be treated a text and the word “drive” also as a linguistic
unit can be treated as a context. As another instance, analogizing the examples given in Gerrot and Wignell 1994: 94-
95, the clause complex “Mary plays flute miraculously; she is a very talented girl.” in which the clause “she is a very
talented girl.” as a linguistic unit can be treated as a text and the clause “Mary plays flute miraculously.” also as a linguistic unit can be treated as a context.
Meaningful means full of meanings. It means that the morpheme or the word or the word group or the clause, or the clause complex which is full of meaning in
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context. As an instance, the morpheme “-er” in the context “driver” has the meaning as a noun forming morpheme; while the clause “she is a very talented
girl” in the context “Mary plays flute miraculously; she is a very talented girl.” has the meaning as a commentary elaboration expansion. So, a text is a
meaningful unit of language in context. The concept of the text given above emerges from some concepts given by
some theorists. Halliday and Hasan 1976: 1-2 says that a text refers to any unified spoken or written passage in use as a whole, not as in the length of a
grammatical unit like a clause or a sentence, but it is regarded as a semantic unit; a unit not of form but of meaning. This concept concentrates on the meaningful
unit of a spoken or written language in use i.e. in context. They also say that it is a living language which plays some part in a context and it is a social interactive
event or social exchange of meanings Hasan and Halliday, 1985. This implies that a text must not be separated from its environment, but it is a live language in
its context of use. Then Halliday 19851994: xvii also says that a text is a semantic unit, not a grammatical one. It is said that meanings are represented
through wordings; and without a theory of wording--that is grammar--here is no way of making explicit one‟s interpretation of the meaning of a text. This refers to
the first context of a text i.e. grammar which governs the use of the text in co-text. It implies that grammar is responsible to provide the grammatical meaning of a
text.
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Hatim and Mason 1990 say that a text is a set of mutually relevant communicative functions which is structured in such a way to achieve an overall
rhetorical purpose. This explains that the communicative function of a text works together with the structure of the text. It also explains that the structure of the text
flows logically to achieve its rhetorical purpose. Here the structure is seen to deal with a purpose to narrate an event in the past or in the future, or to describe an
object such as a place or a thing or a human, or to convince the readers in order to believe or disbelieve a case or to present an argumentation that something is the
case. The logical flow in such a text is commonly created by cohesion ties such as noun substitute, pronoun, connector such as and, or, but, conjunction such as first,
next, afterward, after that, further, in addition to that, beside etc. Here a text is defined as a set of mutual relevant communicative function which is logically
structured to achieve its rhetorical purpose. Fowler 1991: 59 says that a text is made up of sentences, but there exist
separate principles of text construction, beyond the rules for making sentences. This means that the principle of the text construction is beyond the principles of
the sentence construction. It means that the construction of a text does not only refer to the word order in a sentence, but it refers to the relation of the meaning to
its contextual aspects. This theory relates a text to its contextual aspects where the text is created. It focuses on how the meaning of a text is created in which the
meaning is believed to be created in relation to the contextual aspects. It is seen that what is seen is the physical realization of the text, and the text itself is beyond
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the physical representation. It is concluded that the principle of the construction of the physical representation of the text is separated from the principle of the
construction of the text itself. Neubert Gregory 1992 says that a text is the tool to communicate
something to someone. This implies that a text is a tool to communicate meanings in a social exchange. What is focused here is the separation between two things as
the aspects of a text. The first is something which is communicated. This first component is the meaning of the text. It is the thing which is negotiated by the
speaker to the listener in the spoken text, or by the writer to the reader in the written text. In a real communicative interaction, what is communicated is the
message. The second is what tool is used to communicate the meaning or the message. This second component is the linguistic realization of the text. This can
be a word or a word group or a clause or the one which is bigger that a clause. It is concluded that a text meant here does not only refer to a component of the text
itself, but it refers to the two side of the text, they are the meaning and the language form as the tool which is used to communicate the meaning.
In this research, it is defined that a meaningful unit of language in context is a text. This concept refers to any linguistic form. It can refer to a word or a
word group or a phrase or clause, or a clause complex or a paragraph or the one which is bigger than a paragraph. Meaningful means full of meanings. It means
that a word or a word group or a phrase or a clause, or a clause complex or a
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paragraph or one which is bigger than a paragraph is a text which is full of meanings when it is placed in context.
2.3.5 Context
The term “context” refers to three theoretical concepts. First, it refers to co-text which is called as the linguistic context. With this concept, context refers
to the linguistic unit either in front or behind the text. Second, it refers to the first non-linguistic context which envelopes a text with its co-text. It is the context of
situation which is also called as register. It has three variables i.e. field, tenor, and mode. These three components work as a set of network system which activates
the meaning of a text. Third, it refers to the context of culture which is called as genre. It is the outer context which activates the meaning of the text in its co-text
and context. Its variables can be purpose-goal and purpose-outcome, belief, ideology etc. As an instance, analogizing the examples given in Gerrot and
Wignell 1994: 94- 95, the clause “she is a very talented girl” in “Mary plays flute
miraculously; she is a very talented girl.” has a function as a commentary elaboration expansion. It means that it function to provide a commentary while it
works to expand the meaning of its context by elaborating it on the level of co- text. In the context of register, the field of “Mary plays flute miraculously; she is a
very talented girl.” is about Mary as a very talented musician girl. In the tenor relation between an advertiser and a perspective fan, the interpersonal function of
the text is to provide a piece of information about “Mary as a very talented musician girl”. In the culture of the advertiser and the perspective fan, they learn
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from their custom that such a thematic structure, for instance, is used by the advertiser to convince the fans to come the music concert which is presenting
Mary the very talented musician girl. It can be concluded that a text is a unit of language which has a set of meanings when it is placed in both linguistic context
which is also called co-text and non-linguistic context i.e. register and genre. Theoretical framework above firstly emerges from the idea of Manfredi
2008: 38 saying that we do not refer to the general meaning of a text around our text, for which we use the term „co-text‟, we refer to a precise and specific
concept. Here, it is said that co-text refers to linguistic context, around a text, which creates the general meaning of the text. The she goes on saying that the
notion of context is viewed from two different perspective: firstly, from the point of view of the immediate and specific material and social situation in which the
text is being used and secondly from the perspective of the general believe and value system or cultural paradigm or ideology Miller, 2005: 2 in Manfredi, 2008:
39. This explains that the immediate non-linguistic context the context of situation which is called register and the outer one is called genre. The concept
which emerges from this idea is that concept is divided into co-text, register and genre.
Secondly, theoretical framework mentioned above also emerges based on Butt
et al. β000: 4 saying that “[…] a text always occurs in two contexts, one within the other as in figure 1 as follows.
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Diagram 2: Text Context
This explains the first context which envelopes a text is register and genre is the outer context which provides a cultural value for the text and register. Here,
it is shown that register has three variables, they are: 1 Field which concern with the kinds of action taking place and its social nature; 2 Tenor which regards the
interactive roles involved in the text creation who is taking part, his or her status and discourse role; and 3 Mode refers to the function of language in the
organization of a text. According to Butt et al ibid. that context is a context within another context means that it is register within genre.
In this research theoretical framework of context refers to both linguistic and non- linguistic context. Linguistic context is co-text, i.e. linguistic unit either in front or
behind the text; while non-linguistic contexts refers to both the context of situation which is called as register with variables such as field, tenor, and mode,
and the context of culture with variables such as purpose-goal and purpose-
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outcome, belief, ideology etc. 2.3.6. Theoretical Construct
This study adopted and applied SFL as its frameworks. For the translation analysis involving the TS and TT contrastive analysis, this research applied
Manfredi‟s Model of analysis. The reason why this framework of SFL is used is due to its view on how language creates
meanings in its context for Manfredi‟s Model of analysis is used as the framework in this research. In the view, meanings
are created in a network system. Meanings are created by the network system of the components of language and context. Language, linguistic context and non
linguistic context work as a network system to create meanings. In SFG, logical meanings refer to the context of logico-semantic relation of more than one clause
simples in a clause complex. The types of the interrelationships of the clauses in the clause complex are paratactic and hypotactic. Logical meanings such as
expansions and projections are created in the context of paratactic and hypotactic clause. The creation of such a meaning is a bottom-up network system in the
linguistic context. The meanings are created when a clause complex goes together with another clause into a clause complex. In SFL, the creation of meanings go
further into the components of the non-linguistic contexts, i.e. the context of situation with variables such as field, mode and tenor together with the context of
culture and the context of ideology. In this research the transfer of meaning from the ST into the TT begins from the analysis of the logical meaning created in the
clause complex in the ST to its transfer into the clause complex in the TT. The
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analysis of the text interrelationship to determine the equivalence between the ST and TT is conducted based on the equivalence between the function of the
components of the clause simple and the function of the clause simple in the clause complex between the ST and TT. The analytical construct of the translation
of the TBWS as the ST into the TT which is conducted based on the view of SFL which is applied in the bottom-
up translation stratedy as in Manfredi‟s model which is used as the theoretical framework in this research is represented as
shown in the following diagram.
Diagram 3: The Analytical Construct of the translation process of TBWS as the ST into TT
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93
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design
