AN ANALYSIS... Hastuti Handayani Mater’s Program in Linguistics, Diponegoro University
©2009, UNDIP Institutional Repository
b Expressing meaning and rhetorical steps in simple short essay in the forms of written Descriptive, Narrative, Report, Recount and
Procedure
m. Development of Examination Material and Analysis of Examination Result.
There is Test Making Technique in the Content Standard 1 Items indicator
a Item indicator indicates the achievement of competence
b Indicator uses operational verb which is measurable
c Indicator based on learning material matches with the competence
2 Multiple Choice Item
a Kinds of Multiple Choice Item
1 Questions Stem. It is ended by using question mark ?
2 Statement Stem. It is ended by using ………….. b Material Component
1 Stem main matter
2 Option
c Items writing rules :
1 Material must match with the indicators
2 Tricked item must be functional.
3 Each item must have 1 correct answer.
4 The stems must be formulated clearly.
AN ANALYSIS... Hastuti Handayani Mater’s Program in Linguistics, Diponegoro University
©2009, UNDIP Institutional Repository
5 The stems do not give clue to the correct answer
6 The stems do not contain double negative questions.
7 The answer choices must be homogenous and logical viewed
from material side. 8
The length of the answer choices must be relatively the same. 9
The answer choices must not contain statement “All the answers are correct wrong
”. 10
Answer choices in forming of digit or time have to be arranged in order or based on the time chronology.
11 Pictures, graph, table, diagrams in items must be clear and
functionable. 12
The formulation of the stems must not use uncertain words or expression like : generally, sometimes, it had better
13 Each item must not depend on the previous answer.
14 The language used must be a communicative language, so the
questions are easily understood by the students.
As it has been mentioned on the previous page that all items of UAN material of English for Junior High School should consist of Discourse
competence, meaning competence to understand andor to produce text, variety of short functional text and monologue and essay in Genre : procedure,
descriptive, recount, narrative, and report form BSNP,2006 All the terms relate to Discourse Competence should be explained as follows
AN ANALYSIS... Hastuti Handayani Mater’s Program in Linguistics, Diponegoro University
©2009, UNDIP Institutional Repository
10. Discourse
Generally , discourse is defined as text above the level of sentence Carney, 1973 Celce-Murcia et.al. 1995:13 states that discourse competence concerns the
selection, sequencing, and arrangement of words, structures and utterances to achieve a unified spoken or written text. Discourse is language use beyond
sentence, language use in contexts. It is social practice. Discourse is realized by texts, communication happens in text. Text is central to discourse analysis.
There are two types of definition traditionally given for the term “Discourse”. Formal definition of discourse is a unit of coherent language
consisting of more than one sentence; functional definitions characterized discourse as language in use Schiffrin ,1994 in Celce-Murcia,2000
The most satisfying definition of discourse according to Celce-Murcia 2000 is “ A piece of discourse is an instance of spoken or written that has
describable internal relationship of form and meaning e.g. words, structures, cohesion that relate coherently to an external communicative function or purpose
and a given audience interlocutor “.
11. Text
It is a semantic unit. Something is called a text when it is meaningful. It can be spoken and written. It is not a phonological or a graphological unit. It occurs in a
context of situation. Celce-Murcia et al. 1995:13. According to Anderson 2003:1, when these words are put together to
communicate a meaning, a piece of text is created. When you speak or write to
AN ANALYSIS... Hastuti Handayani Mater’s Program in Linguistics, Diponegoro University
©2009, UNDIP Institutional Repository
communicate a message, you are constructing a text. When you read, listen to, or view a piece of text, you are interpreting its meaning.
He stated that there are two main categories of texts – Literary and Factual.
Within these are various text types : 1
Literary text : Narrative, Poetry, Drama 2
Factual text : Recount, Explanation, Discussion, Report, Procedure, Advertisement, Announcement etc.
The competencies in KTSP consist of text types : Short Functional Text, Transactional conversation, Interpersonal conversation, and the basic English
Genres.
12. Genre
A Genre is a culturally and linguistically distinct form of discourse Celce - Murcia 2000:6.
According to Bhatia in Celce-Murcia 2000, a Genre is a recognizable communicative event characterized by a set of communicative purposes
identified and mutually understood by the members of the professional or academic community in which it regularly occurs.
According to Nunan 1993, a Genre is a text type which has : a.
Communicative purpose : Telling about something, explain objectively, as the result of systematical observation or analysis. It can
be general conclusion b.
Generic structure particular stages; distinctive beginnings, middles and ends
c. Linguistic features
AN ANALYSIS... Hastuti Handayani Mater’s Program in Linguistics, Diponegoro University
©2009, UNDIP Institutional Repository
Genre encompasses : a. Transactional Text spoken
