Pasar Menurut Geograis Pasar Bersangkutan Relevant Market

Perkara Trans-Missouri menyangkut delapan belas 18 perusahaan kereta api yang membuat perjanjian pada tanggal 15 Maret 1889, dengan membentuk “Trans-Missouri Freight Association” , yaitu suatu asosiasi perusahaan kereta api yang berdomisili di sebelah Barat Mississippi. Para anggota asosiasi tersebut melimpahkan kewenangan kepengurusan kepada suatu komite, yang merupakan badan perwakilan para anggota. Kewenangan komite tersebut antara lain, adalah menyusun dan mengumumkan secara resmi struktur tarif angkutan, yang akan ditetapkan bagi seluruh perusahaan kereta api. Tujuan pembentukan asosiasi ini adalah untuk saling melindungi dengan cara menetapkan tarif yang menurut mereka adalah pantas, membuat aturan, dan peraturan mengenai pengangkutan setempat 30 . Mahkamah Agung dalam keputusannya menetapkan, bahwa perjanjian di antara para anggota asosiasi tersebut adalah per se illegal , karena melanggar Pasal 1 the Sherman Act 31 . Bagian ketiga perjanjian tersebut antara lain menetapkan: “…that’s committee shall be appointed to establish rates, rules, and regulations on the trafic subject to this association, and to consider changes therein, and makes rules for meeting the competition of outside lines. Their conclusion, when unanimous, shall be made effective when they so order; but, if they differ, the question at issue shall be referred to the managers of the lines parties hereto; and, if they disagree, it shall be arbitrated in the manner provided in Article 7...” 32. . Pemerintah kemudian menggugat asosiasi tersebut dengan menyatakan, antara lain bahwa: “…An agreement between railroads competing in interstate trafic, ‘for the purpose of mutual protection by establishing and maintaining reasonable rates, rules, and regulations on all freight trafic,’ and organizing an association to enforce these purpose, is an agreement in restraint of commerce, within the meaning of the anti- trust law of July 2, 1890, 15 U.S. C. A. parag. 1-7,…” 33 . Penggugat meminta agar pengadilan menetapkan, pembubaran asosiasi tersebut dan para tergugat dilarang, baik secara sendiri-sendiri maupun bersama- sama, antara lain: 30 United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Association, op. cit. p. 292. Lihat pula Lawrence Anthony Sullivan, Anti trust St. Paul Minnesota: West Publishing, Co., 1977 p. 167. 31 Section 1 The Sherman Act: “Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal…” 32 Ibid. p. 294. 33 Ibid. p. 306. “…from further agreeing, combining, and conspiring and acting together to maintain rules and regulations and rates for carrying freight upon their several lines of railroad to hinder trade and commerce between the states and territories of the United States; and that all and each of them be enjoined and prohibited from entering or continuing in a combination, association, or conspiracy to deprive the people engaged in trade and commerce between and among the states and territories of the United States of such facilities and rates and charges of freight transportation as will be afforded by free and unrestrained competition between the said several lines of railroads…” 34 . Tergugat menolak tuduhan tersebut dengan menyatakan, antara lain: “…they were not content with the rates and prices prevailing at the date of agreement; they deny any intent to unjustly increase rates, and deny that the agreement destroyed, prevented, or illegally limited or inluenced competition; they deny that arbitrary rates were ixed or charged, or that rates have been increased…” ” 35 . Tergugat menyatakan pula, bahwa tujuan asosiasi adalah untuk menetapkan tarif yang masuk akal, aturan mengenai semua angkutan dan mempertahankan tarif tersebut sampai ia mengalami perubahan sebagaimana yang nantinya ditetapkan oleh Undang-undang. Mahkamah Agung dalam keputusannya menetapkan, bahwa perjanjian di antara para anggota asosiasi tersebut adalah per se illegal , karena melanggar Pasal 1 the Sherman Act . Selanjutnya, dalam perkara United States v. Joint Trafic 36 , pemerintah mengajukan gugatan di pengadilan New York Selatan, sehubungan dengan perjanjian antara 31 perusahaan kereta api yang membentuk asosiasi, antara lain bertujuan: “…to aid fulilling the purpose of the interstate commerce act, to cooperate with each other and adjacent transportation association to establish and maintain reasonable and just rates, fares, rules, and regulations on state and interstate trafic, to prevent unjust discrimination, and to secure the reduction and concentration of agencies, and the introduction of economies in the conduct of the freight and passenger service…” 37 . Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, 31 perusahaan itu menetapkan Anggaran Dasar asosiasi, di mana mereka setuju asosiasi dijalankan oleh beberapa dewan 34 Ibid. pp. 300-301. 35 Ibid. p. 303 36 United States v. Joint Trafic Association, 171 U.S. 505, 19 S. Ct. 25, 43 L. Ed., 259 1898.