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8 .x. ª Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Joint Scientific Symposium
IJJSS 2016
Chiba, 20‐24 November 2016
114
LONG ‐TERM IMPACT OF PRENATAL HYPOXIA‐ISCHEMIA IN
SPATIAL MEMORY DURING ADOLESCENCE
Ratna Indriawati
a
Soedjono Aswin
b
Ginus Partadiredja
c
Rina Susilowati
d
a
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and ealth Sciences Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
8 , ndonesia.
b
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 8 , ndonesia
c
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 8 , ndonesia
d
Department of istology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta
8 , ndonesia
Abstract
Prenatal ypoxia can cause brain lesions. The effects of hypoxia on neurogenesis during development have been a matter of controversy. Chronic prenatal hypoxia is
strong prognosis factor for the outcome of various disease. Prenatal hypoxia contributed to the emergence of several neurological disorders due to abnormalities of brain
development such as cognitive and behavioral deficits. Long‐tern effects of exposure of hypoxia during early intrauterine development very important to investigate. This
study aims to assess spatial memory on Y Maze during adolescence due to prenatal hypoxia‐ischemia. This is experiment study.The design of the study is a posttest control
group design. Samples were grouped randomly with simple random allocation into groups treatment groups and control groups . Pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats
underwent unilateral ligation of the uterine arter, which supplies one uterine horn on E , E and E . Rats with birth weight over . g were not used in the present study.
Control groups C , C and C were not inducedprenatal hypoxia‐ischemia. We used
male rats divided into treatment groups and control groups. Y Maze was employed to scale the spatial memory. The results showed that the spatial memory
signiticant decreases as the length of prenatal hypoxia‐ischemia in adolescence p= .
, C . Conclusions of this study is prenatal hypoxia‐ischemia reduce spatial memory of adolescen Rattus norvegicus. The lowest spatial memory is in the group
which prenatal hypoxia‐ischemia occur at days of pregnancy.
Keywords
hypoxic, prenatal, memory, Y Maze
11
Introduction
Chronic prenatal hypoxia is considered to cause perinatal brain injury. t can result in neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy or learning disabilities. These
neurological problems are related to chronic placental insufficiency CP , which leads to chronic hypoxemia and hypoglycemia. Prenatal ypoxia can cause brain
lesions. The effects of hypoxia on neurogenesis during development have been a matter of controversy. Chronic prenatal hypoxia is strong prognosis factor for the
outcome of various disease Gilany Vafakhah, ; Chung et al.,
. Prenatal hypoxia contributed to the emergence of several neurological
disorders due to abnormalities of brain development such as cognitive and behavioral deficits Rees arding,
; Barrett, ; So et al.,
. Cell death
began to occur approximately hours after the induction of hypoxic ischemic rodentia. The increase in the number of apoptotic cells occurred three days after the
induction of hypoxic ischemic prenatal and reached a peak days later. Approximately ‐ days after induction of hypoxic ischemic prenatal, lesions in
the brain tissue Golan uleihel, .
ypoxia associated with the onset of cognitive disorders, motor and behavioral Larroque et al.,
8; Fazzi et al., ; Deloby et al.,
. One of the developments that affected the brain is hypoxic cognitive abilities. One cognitive
ability is a memory. Long‐tern effects of exposure of hypoxia during early intrauterine
development very important to investigate. This study aims to assess spatial memory during adolescence due to hypoxic ischemic prenatal.
Material and Methods
This is experiment study. The design of the study is a posttest control group design. Samples were grouped randomly with simple random allocation into
groups treatment groups and control groups . Pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats were obtained from laboratory research and
testing integrated Gadjah Mada University of Yogyakarta, underwent unilateral ligation of the uterine artery, which supplies one uterine horn on E , E and E ,
under deep anesthesia ketamine hydrochloride mgkg intra musculare . We used gradient of growth restriction to differentiate pups after delivery as follws. Pups
whose birth weght was below . g were classified in the treatment groups P , P and P
. Then rats with birth weight over . g were not used in the present study. Control groups C , C and C
were not induced hypoxic ischemic prenatal.
We used male rats divided into treatment groups P , P and P and control groups C , C and C
. After weaning on aged days, rats were housed in standard cages
x x cm . The cages were kept in a temperature and moisture controlled room with hours light‐dark cycles : AM to : PM
with food and water ad libitum. The same rats were used for cognitive test y maze test , which started on aged days. Before y maze test, the research subjects
acclimatization. The subject entered the cage in the test room at least day prior to the
test. Test
procedure: Animal testing in arm B is placed on the central side and the left moving for
minutes Y maze is great while monitored by cameras. Scoring is based on the number of achievements of each arm four feet into the sleeve . The animal returned
to the test cage and counted the number of faeces. The equipment is cleaned before being used for testing again. The total amount total entries arm achieved. The total
11 number
of test
= total
entries‐ Percent alternation = number of alternation total test x
Tamura et al., .
Results
Rattus norvegicus males were tested with Y Maze test at the age of days. Percent alternation achieved. The result of Y Maze test showed figure .
Figure . Pattern of Y Maze test from treatment groups P , P and P and
control groups C , C and C .
Y Maze test showed alternation percent higher in the control group C , C and C
compared to the treatment group P , P and P . P group showed the value
of the lowest Y Maze test. The next data is analyzed with ANOVA test. ANOVA analysis test results show a decline in the value of the Y Maze test were statistically significant
between treatment groups with the control group p= . ; C= . Further, data is
tested by Post oc Test LSD . Post hoc Test results can be seen in Table . Table . Multiple comparison with Post oc test LSD from Y Maze test treatment
groups P , P and P and control groups C , C and C
. Group
Group J
Mean difference
‐J Std
error Sig.
confidence interval
Lower Bound
Upper bound
P C
P C
P C
‐ . ‐ .8
‐ 8. ‐ . 8
‐ . .
. .
. .
. . 8
. .
. ‐ .
‐8. 8 ‐ .
‐ .8 ‐ .
‐ . .
‐ .8 ‐ . 8
‐ . Table shows that there is no impairment of spatial memory were statistically
significant between groups P with C , C and C p= . ; p= .
; p= . .
Likewise between P to P group p= . . While the group P to P there are no
statistically significant improvement p= . 8 .
117
Discussion
This study shows that there is spatial memory loss in the treatment group compared to the control group. The decline in spatial memory most lace is in the P
group. Age ‐ day rat fetus is a sensitive period of neural development Sigit, .
Prenatal hypoxia‐ischemia refers to a reduced level of oxygen hypoxia and a decreased blood flow ischemia during fetal development, which can cause various
complications during pregnancy associated with neurological deficits and long‐term neurodevelopmental disabilities in later life. One of these complications is cerebral palsy
that occurs in per , babies Graham et al.,
8 . Of these, ‐ will die during the postnatal period, and another
will develop permanent severe neuropsychological conditions.
Fetal growth and development are a complex and dynamic process that depends on sophisticated interactions among the mother, placenta and fetus to ensure optimal
growth and survival conditions Warner and Ozanne, . Numerous epidemiological,
clinical and experimental studies have shown clearly that a compromised intrauterine environment may have subtle or drastic impact on tissueorgan ontogeny, structure and
function, and alter the vulnerability or resiliency to some challenges and diseases in later life Cottrell and Seckl,
; Dudley et al., .
Fetal hypoxia affects normal brain development and induces abnormal behavioral presentations. The cerebral cortex, hippocampus and sub‐ventricular zone are the most
vulnerable regions to the hypoxic insult Northington et al., . A rat model study has
indicated that prenatal hypoxia produces a mild neurological deficit in a variety of behavioral tests. The duration in an accelerating rotarod test was shorter for the
offspring with prenatal hypoxic exposure compared to the control offspring, and they traveled a shorter distance and spent most of their time stationary compared with the
control group reland et al., . Some structural proteins of the white matter were
measured in adult offspring with prenatal hypoxic exposure during gestational days to . These structural proteins were associated with normal development of myelin and
axon, and their expression levels decreased due to maternal hypoxia while the expression of protein related to astroglia increased, predisposing the individual to white
matter changes later in life Wang et al., .
Conclusion
Prenatal hypoxia‐ischemia reduce spatial memory of adolescen Rattus norvegicus. The lowest spatial memory is in the group which prenatal
hypoxia‐ischemia occur at days of pregnancy.
References
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Joint Scientific Symposium
IJJSS 2016
Chiba, 20‐24 November 2016
119
EFFECTS OF LOW FREQUENCY SOUND VIBRATION TO HUMAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON : A
LITERATURE REVIEW
Dziban Naufal
a
, Ahmad Rofiq Sofyan
a
a
Departement of Physics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Badung‐Sumedang KM 21,
Jatinangor 45363, West Java, Indonesia
Abstract
Low frequency sound LFS is used in Vibroacoustic Therapy VAT which categorized as one of Complementary and Alternative Medicine CAM fashion. VAT is a therapy fashion
that uses audible sound z ‐
z to produce vibrations through the transducer which is applied directly to the body. The aim of this paper is to describe the effects of LFS
to human psychological and physiological behaviour. The papers were peer‐reviewed based on published papers that can be accessed freely online and the essences were
combined to synthesize a new conclusion accompanied by the writer’s ideas. t is showed that VAT can reduces the anxiety level, indicated by the decrease of average patients blood
pressure up to . bpm. The significance reduction on patients Fibromyalgia mpact Questionnaire 88.8 to .8 indicated the capability of VAT to overcome Fibromyalgia’s
symptoms. The difference of neurite outgrowth frequency in NGF‐treated PC m cells between intervention of z and
z vibrational sound condition is significance and potentially lead to the cure Alzheimer disease. LFS in VAT also decrease pain in patients
with Juvenile diopathic Arthritis due to the reduction of Simplified Disease Activity ndex up to . Results showed great effects of LFS on the health improvement and human
psychology through VAT as a physics agent therapy. owever, research about effects of VAT to human health and psychology is still needed due to the lack of information about
physics phenomenon in the body with VAT treatment.
Keywords
Low frequency sound; Vibroacoustic Therapy; anxiety; Fibromyalgia; Alzheimer; Arthritis