Method Optimization of the Acid Catalyst Concentration for Synthesis of Anti‐Cancer Agent Gamavuton‐0 by Using Mathematical and Statistical Software
91
Tabel . Nitrate, phosphate, current speed and direction, DO, salinity, SST, p and transparency St
NO
‐
mgl PO
mgl Current
ms Directio
n °
DO mgl
Salinity ‰
SST °C
pH Transp
arency m
. .
. .
8 .
. .
. .
. .
. 8.
. .
. .
8 .
. 8.8
. .
. 8 .
. .
8. .
. .
. .8
. 8.
.8 .8
. .
. 8
. 8.8
. .
. 8 .
. .
8. .
8 .
. .
. .
8. .
. .
. .
. 8.
. .
. .
. .
8. .
. .
. .
. 8.
. .
. .
. .
8.8 .
Note : as the hishest value
Figure . Spatial distribution of nitrate at Morodemak‐Demak Odum
mention that countinus high nutrient concentration of river water flows into coastal water will support the primary productivity. Low concentration of nitrate at
station and which the most far station from the mouth of the river. Organic nitrate as mainly come from marine organic metabolism and decomposition. While
particulate ones come from sediment degradation Koesoebiono, 8 .
92 Figure . Spatial distribution of phosphate at Morodemak‐Demak
igh phosphate concentration at station and , this kind of spatial distribution
pattern was due to the pattern of existing coastal current. As well as moderatively high DO concentration arroind station . Salmin
dissolved oxygen as parameter indicator for seawater quality since dissolved oxygen take important role in the process
of organic materials oxidation into inorganic particles. Dissolved oxygen also define the biological reaction of aerobic organism in the seawater. n a aerobic condition dissolved
oxygen will take role for oxydation of organic and inorganic materials into particulate nutrient and will increase primary productivity. Sastrawijaya
explain that in seawater ecosystem consist of three type of phosphorus substances that is organic
phosphorus such as orthophosphate, organic material inside in the protoplasm and dissolved organic phosphate from decomposition process.
About genera of phytoplankton was found, with moderaate domination by
Baccilariophyceae, Dinophyceae and most dominant of Rhizosolenia. ighest abundance of phytoplankton at the mouth of the river with 8,
, cellm and lowest at
offshore water with , ,
cellm Table . ighest diversity index ’ was found at this area as well with ’ : .
and lowest of .8 at offshore position.
Spatial phytoplankton distribution as presented in Figure . n comparison to a deep oceanic water of Papua, artoko and Subiyanto
found mainly two groups of phytoplankton had been found in the north Papua deep sea water, that are edible
phytoplankton and non‐edible phytoplankton groups. The edible phytoplankton with chlorophyll content was found in the upwelling region in the almahera and Papua
corridor. Non‐edible phytoplankton group were characterized with a non‐chlorophyll content, having a spiny‐silica cell walls Radiolarians and some of them were belongs to
the toxic Dinoflagelates. Non‐edible phytoplankton was mainly spread over the oceanic waters up to
mile to the north Pacific water.
93 Coastal current. Coastal current spatial model was done using SMS software, where
dominant current direction towards south‐east to the coastline. Comparison of field current data to the result of current spatial model the value of MRE Mean Relative
Error or meaning that error of field and simulation model is . . Meaning that
the value of accuracy of the simulated coastal current spatial model is 8 . , and scientifically acceptable. This was in accordance with Short
8 that the value of accepted MRE is about . This specific spatial current model considered as unique
for this geographical position of Morodemak as combination effect of an open bay with estuary or mouth of the river.
The spatial current model of the area that estuary or mouth of the river has a unique spatial coastal current pattern as also stated by Wibisono
. Result of the spatial current model is considered as the interaction of surface wind, tidal current,
bathymetry and coastal land elevation Figure .
Table . Phytoplankton abundance at Morodemak‐Demak coastal seawater x ,
cellm NO Genera
ST ST
ST ST
ST ST‐ ST‐ ST‐8
ST‐ ST‐
ST‐ ST‐
TOTAL BACCILARIO
‐ PHYCEAE
Amphora ‐
‐ ‐
‐ ‐
‐
31
Bacteriastrum ‐
‐ 8
8
60
Biddulphia ‐
‐ 8
86
Chaetoceros 8
8 8
894
Coscinodiscus 8
211
Dactyliosolen 8
686
Eucampia 8
‐ 8
160
8 emiaulus
8 ‐
8
203
Leptocylindrus ‐ ‐
‐ ‐
‐ ‐
‐ ‐
‐ ‐
21
Lauderia ‐
‐ ‐
8 ‐
‐
56
Melosira ‐
‐ ‐
‐
877
Nitzschia 8
8
760
Navicula ‐
8 8
8
207
Pleurosigma 8
8 8
8
1515
Pelagothrix ‐
‐ ‐
‐ ‐
‐ ‐
8 ‐
‐
15
Rhizosolenia 8
8 8
19640
Thalasionema ‐
‐ 8
797
8 Thallassiotrix 8
8
680
Triceratium ‐
‐ ‐
‐ 8
‐ ‐
‐ ‐
27
Thalassiosira 8
‐ ‐
‐ 8
8 ‐
‐ ‐
‐
282 DINOPHYCEAE
Peridinium 8
8
389
Ceratium 8
8 ‐
70
Total per station
8 8
8 8
94 Figure . Spatial distribution of phytoplankton at Morodemak‐Demak
Figure . Spatial distribution of phytoplankton at Morodemak‐Demak The study revealed that nutrient distribution in this shallow coastal water was mainly
affected by coastal current that is tidal current Figure . Meaning that their spatial distribution pattern was mainly governed by low tide and high tide current. That is
towards and offward the coastal water, and ultimately producing a unique spatial
9 distribution of phytoplankton at this area. Jalil
stated that the resulted coastal current from field data and spatial model using SMS software would be more affected
by tidal current pattern.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thanks to Riandi for helping the current spatial model, to all staff of Marine Science Department Undip for seawater quality and phytoplankton
analysis. Special thanks to University of Bangka Belitung for supporting find to attend the JJSS
at Chiba University – Japan. A sincere thanks to Prof. A. artoko for the English language help of the manuscript.
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U‐Press. Jakarta
Joint Scientific Symposium
IJJSS 2016
Chiba, 20‐24 November 2016
9
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT USING RIVER FLOW
MANIPULATION IN SUKABIMI KARST LANDFORM
Jemi Saputra Ahnaf
a
, Syahid Muthahhari Aunillah Durahman
b
, Zufialdi Zakaria
c a,b,c
Geological Engineering Faculty of Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung‐ Sumedang
Km 21, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
Abstract
Sukabumi regency classified as relatively high rainfall region, but surprisingly when dry season comes, the water that has been obtained from high rainfall just disappear. n the
dry season Sukabumi runs into drought and often hit by floods during rainy season. owever, drought and floods minimized by the presence of trees that stretched across the
region, but over the years the trees continuously degraded and reduced in number due to use of industrial, residential, and plantation. Therefore, needed for another alternative to
maintain the stability of water resources. This research aim to preserve water resources from rainy season to use in dry season, with this mind, the problems of water shortages
and floods can be solved at once. Because of Sukabumi has large karst landform, it is easier to preserve water using river flow manipulation on this region. The methods that used in
this research including studio method and quantitative morphometry analysis. From the analysis of its characteristics, Sukabumi karst landform has significant underground
caves and water activities. Moreover, river morphometry shows value of bifurcation ratio Rb and drainage density Dd are .
and . km sq. km, respectively. This Rb
value interprets that the rivers have moderate decrease or increase of flooding water level and are not distorted by geological structures. And Dd value indicates the flow of the
rivers are relatively infrequent, high water infiltration, low run‐off, and good porosity
rocks. n conclusion, those parameters are support to do river manipulation.
Keywords:
Water; karst landform; river manipulation; bifurcation ratio; drainage density.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________
a
Corresponding author. Tel.: + 8 8 8 8
E ‐mail address: jemi
mail.unpad.ac.id jemi gmail.com