Method Optimization of the Acid Catalyst Concentration for Synthesis of Anti‐Cancer Agent Gamavuton‐0 by Using Mathematical and Statistical Software

91 Tabel . Nitrate, phosphate, current speed and direction, DO, salinity, SST, p and transparency St NO ‐ mgl PO mgl Current ms Directio n ° DO mgl Salinity ‰ SST °C pH Transp arency m . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . 8. . . . . 8 . . 8.8 . . . 8 . . . 8. . . . . .8 . 8. .8 .8 . . . 8 . 8.8 . . . 8 . . . 8. . 8 . . . . . 8. . . . . . . 8. . . . . . . 8. . . . . . . 8. . . . . . . 8.8 . Note : as the hishest value Figure . Spatial distribution of nitrate at Morodemak‐Demak Odum mention that countinus high nutrient concentration of river water flows into coastal water will support the primary productivity. Low concentration of nitrate at station and which the most far station from the mouth of the river. Organic nitrate as mainly come from marine organic metabolism and decomposition. While particulate ones come from sediment degradation Koesoebiono, 8 . 92 Figure . Spatial distribution of phosphate at Morodemak‐Demak igh phosphate concentration at station and , this kind of spatial distribution pattern was due to the pattern of existing coastal current. As well as moderatively high DO concentration arroind station . Salmin dissolved oxygen as parameter indicator for seawater quality since dissolved oxygen take important role in the process of organic materials oxidation into inorganic particles. Dissolved oxygen also define the biological reaction of aerobic organism in the seawater. n a aerobic condition dissolved oxygen will take role for oxydation of organic and inorganic materials into particulate nutrient and will increase primary productivity. Sastrawijaya explain that in seawater ecosystem consist of three type of phosphorus substances that is organic phosphorus such as orthophosphate, organic material inside in the protoplasm and dissolved organic phosphate from decomposition process. About genera of phytoplankton was found, with moderaate domination by Baccilariophyceae, Dinophyceae and most dominant of Rhizosolenia. ighest abundance of phytoplankton at the mouth of the river with 8, , cellm and lowest at offshore water with , , cellm Table . ighest diversity index ’ was found at this area as well with ’ : . and lowest of .8 at offshore position. Spatial phytoplankton distribution as presented in Figure . n comparison to a deep oceanic water of Papua, artoko and Subiyanto found mainly two groups of phytoplankton had been found in the north Papua deep sea water, that are edible phytoplankton and non‐edible phytoplankton groups. The edible phytoplankton with chlorophyll content was found in the upwelling region in the almahera and Papua corridor. Non‐edible phytoplankton group were characterized with a non‐chlorophyll content, having a spiny‐silica cell walls Radiolarians and some of them were belongs to the toxic Dinoflagelates. Non‐edible phytoplankton was mainly spread over the oceanic waters up to mile to the north Pacific water. 93 Coastal current. Coastal current spatial model was done using SMS software, where dominant current direction towards south‐east to the coastline. Comparison of field current data to the result of current spatial model the value of MRE Mean Relative Error or meaning that error of field and simulation model is . . Meaning that the value of accuracy of the simulated coastal current spatial model is 8 . , and scientifically acceptable. This was in accordance with Short 8 that the value of accepted MRE is about . This specific spatial current model considered as unique for this geographical position of Morodemak as combination effect of an open bay with estuary or mouth of the river. The spatial current model of the area that estuary or mouth of the river has a unique spatial coastal current pattern as also stated by Wibisono . Result of the spatial current model is considered as the interaction of surface wind, tidal current, bathymetry and coastal land elevation Figure . Table . Phytoplankton abundance at Morodemak‐Demak coastal seawater x , cellm NO Genera ST ST ST ST ST ST‐ ST‐ ST‐8 ST‐ ST‐ ST‐ ST‐ TOTAL BACCILARIO ‐ PHYCEAE Amphora ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 31 Bacteriastrum ‐ ‐ 8 8 60 Biddulphia ‐ ‐ 8 86 Chaetoceros 8 8 8 894 Coscinodiscus 8 211 Dactyliosolen 8 686 Eucampia 8 ‐ 8 160 8 emiaulus 8 ‐ 8 203 Leptocylindrus ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 21 Lauderia ‐ ‐ ‐ 8 ‐ ‐ 56 Melosira ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 877 Nitzschia 8 8 760 Navicula ‐ 8 8 8 207 Pleurosigma 8 8 8 8 1515 Pelagothrix ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 8 ‐ ‐ 15 Rhizosolenia 8 8 8 19640 Thalasionema ‐ ‐ 8 797 8 Thallassiotrix 8 8 680 Triceratium ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 8 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 27 Thalassiosira 8 ‐ ‐ ‐ 8 8 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 282 DINOPHYCEAE Peridinium 8 8 389 Ceratium 8 8 ‐ 70 Total per station 8 8 8 8 94 Figure . Spatial distribution of phytoplankton at Morodemak‐Demak Figure . Spatial distribution of phytoplankton at Morodemak‐Demak The study revealed that nutrient distribution in this shallow coastal water was mainly affected by coastal current that is tidal current Figure . Meaning that their spatial distribution pattern was mainly governed by low tide and high tide current. That is towards and offward the coastal water, and ultimately producing a unique spatial 9 distribution of phytoplankton at this area. Jalil stated that the resulted coastal current from field data and spatial model using SMS software would be more affected by tidal current pattern. Acknowledgements The author would like to thanks to Riandi for helping the current spatial model, to all staff of Marine Science Department Undip for seawater quality and phytoplankton analysis. Special thanks to University of Bangka Belitung for supporting find to attend the JJSS at Chiba University – Japan. A sincere thanks to Prof. A. artoko for the English language help of the manuscript. REFERENCE Dahuri, R., J. Rais, S.P. Ginting, and M.J. Sitepu. . Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Wilayah Pesisir dan Lautan Secara Terpadu ntegrated Coastal Resources Management . PT. Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta, 8 pp. Fachrul, F.M., . aeruman, and L.C. Sitepu. . Komunitas fitoplankton sebagai bio‐ indikator kualitas perairan Teluk Jakarta. Phytoplankton Community as Bioindicator of Jakarta Bay . Seminar Nasional MPA . FMPA‐Universitas ndonesia, ‐ November , Jakarta. artoko,A and M.elmi . Development of Multilayer Ecosystem Parameters Model . Journal of Coastal Development. SSN : ‐ Vol. ,No. ,June . pp ‐ . artoko,A and Subiyanto . Spatial Distribution of Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Larvae at North Papua Deepsea Water. A paper submited to the Oceanography, USA. Jalil, A. R. . Distribusi Kecepatan Arus Pasang Surut Pada Muson Peralihan Barat‐ Timur Terkait asil Tangkapan kan Pelagis Kecil di Perairan Spermonde. Variations of Coastal Tidal Current and its Effect to Pelagic Fish Catch at Spermonde . Depik, : ‐ Jones‐Lee, A., G.F. Lee. . Eutrophication Excessive Fertilization .Water Encyclopedia: Surface and Agricultural Water. Wiley, oboken, NJ. p ‐ . Koesoebiono. 8 . Dasar Ekologi Umum, bagian V. Ekologi Perairan. Sekolah Pasca Sarjana. Basic Ecology. V. Aquatic Ecology . Jurusan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan. nstitut Pertanian Bogor. Odum, E.P. . Translated Srigandono. Ed . Fundamental of Ecology. Gajah Mada Press. Yogyakarta. Salmin. . Oksigen Terlarut dan Kebutuhan Oksigen Biologi Sebagai Salah satu ndikator untuk Menentukan Kualitas Perairan. Dissolved oxygon as ndicator for Water Quality . Oseana. : ‐ . Sastrawijaya, T. . Pencemaran Lingkungan Environmental Pollution . PT. Rineka Cipta. Jakarta Short, F.T., 8 . Effects of sediment nutrients on seagrasses: literature review and mesocosm experiment. Aquat. Bot., : ‐ . Sudjana. . Metode Statistik Statistic Methodology . Jakarta : Erlangga Suryabrata, S, 8 , Metodologi Penelitian Research Methodology . PT Rajagrafindo Persada, Jakarta. Wibisono, M.S. . Pengantar lmu Kelautan ntroduction of Marine Science Edisi . U‐Press. Jakarta Joint Scientific Symposium IJJSS 2016 Chiba, 20‐24 November 2016 9 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT USING RIVER FLOW MANIPULATION IN SUKABIMI KARST LANDFORM Jemi Saputra Ahnaf a , Syahid Muthahhari Aunillah Durahman b , Zufialdi Zakaria c a,b,c Geological Engineering Faculty of Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung‐ Sumedang Km 21, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia Abstract Sukabumi regency classified as relatively high rainfall region, but surprisingly when dry season comes, the water that has been obtained from high rainfall just disappear. n the dry season Sukabumi runs into drought and often hit by floods during rainy season. owever, drought and floods minimized by the presence of trees that stretched across the region, but over the years the trees continuously degraded and reduced in number due to use of industrial, residential, and plantation. Therefore, needed for another alternative to maintain the stability of water resources. This research aim to preserve water resources from rainy season to use in dry season, with this mind, the problems of water shortages and floods can be solved at once. Because of Sukabumi has large karst landform, it is easier to preserve water using river flow manipulation on this region. The methods that used in this research including studio method and quantitative morphometry analysis. From the analysis of its characteristics, Sukabumi karst landform has significant underground caves and water activities. Moreover, river morphometry shows value of bifurcation ratio Rb and drainage density Dd are . and . km sq. km, respectively. This Rb value interprets that the rivers have moderate decrease or increase of flooding water level and are not distorted by geological structures. And Dd value indicates the flow of the rivers are relatively infrequent, high water infiltration, low run‐off, and good porosity rocks. n conclusion, those parameters are support to do river manipulation. Keywords: Water; karst landform; river manipulation; bifurcation ratio; drainage density. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________ a Corresponding author. Tel.: + 8 8 8 8 E ‐mail address: jemi mail.unpad.ac.id jemi gmail.com

1. Introduction

1.1. Research Background The research area located between latitudes o ’ ” N ‐ o ’ . ” N and longitudes o ” E ‐ o ’ .8” E, covering an area sq. km with the objects study include karst landform characteristics and river morphometry. Administratively, research area located in Sukabumi, a regency in the southern foothills of Mount Gede in West Java, ndonesia, the location is about 8 km south of the national capital, Jakarta. Sukabumi classified as relatively high rainfall region, but the surprising thing is when the dry season Joint Scientific Symposium IJJSS 2016 Chiba, 20‐24 November 2016 97 comes, the water that has been obtained from high rainfall just disappear. When the dry season Sukabumi run into drought and when the rainy season often hit by floods. The drought and flood problem has become regular circumstance every year in Sukabumi, moreover, especially drought, its impact affected the economic society because every year always occurred failed harvest for hundreds hectares. owever, drought and floods that hit Sukabumi can be minimized by the presence of trees that stretched across the regions, but over the years the trees continuously degraded and reduced in number due to the use of industrial, residential, and plantation. Therefore, needed for another alternative to maintaining the stability of water resources. This research aim to preserve water resources from the rainy season, to use during the dry season using karst landform, with this mind, the problems of water shortages and floods can be solved at once. To achieve that purpose, at first need to determine the characteristics of the karst landform in the research area and determine river morphometry, including the value of bifurcation ratio Rb and drainage density D . The determination of karst landform characteristics and river morphometry properties are the primary baseline to manipulate the flow of the river, from these aspects can be determined whether the Sukabumi area, especially in the research area allows for manipulation or not. 1.2. Sukabumi Water Condition Sukabumi has high rainfall average of , mm year Wardani, 8 . Based on WACO‐WASECO data Puradimaja et al., , Sukabumi has spring points, which that amount are the largest compared with other regions in West Java. With those conditions, the Sukabumi water demands should be met properly, but the fact that occurred when the dry season are the opposite. According to Sukabumi ead Department of Agriculture and Foodstuffs nstitute in , Sukabumi suffered great drought, the drought farmland reached , hectares, with the details , hectares are mild drought, , 8 hectares are moderate drought, and , hectares are severe drought, the drought caused at least hectares of farmlands are failed to be harvested. Moreover, the baffling thing is when the rainy season comes, few regions of Sukabumi often hit by floods. From these circumstances, concluded that the Sukabumi water resources management is quite less. The cause of this oddity still missing the obvious point, but from the standpoint of geology, because Sukabumi located close to the beach, the water obtained from the rain will be more rapidly transported to the sea, so that the water cycle will run faster, and water cannot be utilized effectively. But the outcome would be different if the rain water infiltrated beforehand, thus the water transport to the sea will be longer and the infiltrated water can be used for agricultural or even daily human needs if it enable. 1.3. Karst Landform As in Jennings , karst is terrain in which soluble rocks are altered above and below ground by the dissolving action of water and that bears distinctive characteristics of relief and drainage. According to ugget karst landform refers to limestone terrain characteristically lacking surface drainage, possessing a patchy and thin soil cover, containing many enclosed depressions, and supporting a network of subterranean features, including caves and grottoes, moreover, he explained that karst springs are the natural outlets for water discharging from conduit networks, they typically are developed at a local or regional ground‐water discharge boundary‐that is, at a location of minimum