Hazard and vulnerability of Ternate Island

42 Figure 5. Environmental Vulnerability of Ternate island 2.2.4. Total index of vulnerability Total index vulnerability is the result of each vulnerability score and weighting. weighting factor for social vulnerability is the highest amongst economy and physical vulnerability each , and for environmental vulnerability. The environmental vulnerability‐weighting factor is small percentage in consideration that no social community activities disrupted directly from the environment. This study argues the environmental vulnerability consideration weighting factor . owever, based on the BNPB regulation, total index vulnerability of Ternate island shows that Ternate Selatan and Ternate Tengah sub‐district, located in the urban area southeast part of the island , are most vulnerable compare to other sub‐districts see Figure . Managing the vulnerability of Ternate island need specific intention and integration due to its volcanic characteristic. Vulnerability integration into spatial plan has been initiated in ndonesia izbaron, et.al., . 43 Figure 6. Environmental Vulnerability of Ternate island

3. Ecosystem based disaster risk management

This study proposes to consider ecosystems approach for disaster risk management Renaud, et.al in the volcanic ecosystem Ternate sland. The island is the volcano body itself; therefore the ecosystem services MEA, need to be considered as the weighting factor in calculating the island vulnerability. Unfortunately, the ecosystem services have not yet calculated thoroughly. The Ternate sland itself indicated intensive interaction between the people and their environment. People receive benefit from the nature, in this study, Gamalama provide materials for agriculture and determine people behavior on managing the resources. Vulnerability maps assessed using BNPB regulation show that the urbanize area, where human often modify the ecosystem, have high vulnerability index. Modified ecosystem in the urban area for certain provisioning services, lead to the declining of other services. Unregulated settlement along the river has caused victims and losses during lahars floods. On the other hand, the rural area in the northern part of the island shows low index vulnerability. owever, need to keep in mind that spices plants on the surrounding conservation forest area determine the livelihood of the rural people. Such damage due to volcanic eruption will lead to decreasing economic services of rural people. They are more affected by the loss of ecosystem services because their live depend mostly to agriculture. Regulating services are critical for ensuring the reliable supply of other ecosystem services, as well as helping reduce people’s exposure to volcanic hazards. The northern part of Ternate island play as the regulating service area for southern part. The declining of regulating ecosystem services in one side will lead to disruption of other services. Exposure to volcanic hazard will increase when northern part of the island, which is the most affected area of Gamalama eruption rd hazard zone , modified for certain services. Ecosystem services shape both the exposure of people to hazards and the ability of people to cope with hazards. The rural ecosystem in northern part of the island shows resilience pattern, but should not only relying to the natural ecosystem. Policy makers need to comprehensively include ecosystem services trade‐off between rural ecosystem and urban ecosystem on Ternate sland. Short‐term demand on urbanize area of Ternate 44 sland will give longer term impact, demands on different scale provision of ecosystem services. azard regulating services and vulnerability indicators depicted from ecosystem services of specific characteristics, namely small island with active volcano like Ternate, need to be considered into the risk assessment regulation by authorized government institution. Ternate sland disaster risk management need to integrate the ecosystem services with the regulating services, in this study volcanic hazard of Gamalama and its natural resources.

4. Conclusion

The vulnerability assessment which is part of risk assessment based on ndonesian Disaster National Management Board namely Perka BNPB 22012 consider the environment parameter has indirect impact to social life of people. The study indicated that vulnerability assessment reveals which area needs to be prioritize within disaster risk management. nstead of relying upon formal action from the government, the idea of the research is to introduce a slightly different idea to implement disaster risk reduction. There are so many methods and approach to conduct disaster management, i.e. Participatory based DRR, Top down based DRR, and the most challenging is Ecosystem based DRR. The ecosystem plays important role from the global to local services provision. Environment services correlate to social economy life of the people. t then creates social engineering, which being effectively implemented on the daily basis. n addition, such specific characteristics of environment, volcanic environment of Ternate sland in this study, determine the inhabitant livelihood and other social activities supporting them. The vulnerability assessment, then need to consider the environment services. Acknowledgements This study is part of Community Resilience and Economic Development CaRED programme, the collaboration between Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta and Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade MFAT aid programme New Zealand. References admoko D.S., Lavigne F., Sartohadi J., and adi M.P., Winaryo. . Landslide hazard and risk assessment and their application in risk management and landuse planning in eastern flank of Menoreh Mountains, Yogyakarta Province, ndonesia. Natural azards. DO . s ‐ ‐ ‐ . Vol. , no , pp. ‐ . amilton, USGS Prof. Paper., . endrayana, L., Surono, and andayani, G. . A Short note on: Basic Behavior of the Mount Gamalamas Eruption. JMS, vol. no. , pp. ‐ . izbaron, D.R., Baiquni, M., Sartohadi, J., and Rijanta, R. . Urban Vulnerability in Bantul District, ndonesia ‐ Towards Safer and Sustainable Development. Article in Journal: Sustainability, vol. , pp. ‐ . ndonesia Disaster Management Board BNPB . . ead of BNPB Risk Assessment Regulation number . Bignami, C., Bosi, V., Costantini, L., Cristiani, C., Lavigne, F., Thierry, P. . andbook for Volcanic Risk Management : Prevention, Crisis Management, Resilience. MAVTA team, Orleans, France. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MEA . . Ecosystems and uman Well‐being: Synthesis. sland Press, Washington, DC. 4 Regional Planning and Development Board of Ternate Municipality. . Spatial Plan of Ternate Municipality ‐ . Renaud, F. G., K. Sudmeier‐Rieux, And M. Estrella. Eds : The Role of Ecosystems in Disaster Risk Reduction. UNU‐Press, Tokyo. Syiko, S.F., Ayu, T.R, and Yudono, A. . Evacuation route planning in Mount Gamalama, Ternate sland ‐ ndonesia. Procedia Environmental Science pp. ‐ . Joint Scientific Symposium IJJSS 2016 Chiba, 20‐24 November 2016 1 Study of 6‐module X‐band array antenna for Airborne CP‐SAR application Kaihei Nakamura , Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo , Cahya Edi Santosa , Asif Awaludin † Center for Environment Remote Sensing CEReS, Chiba University, Japan Abstract The synthetic aperture radar SAR is a kind of active sensors. To acquire the images of target in remote area, the SAR uses microwave signal. Nowadays, Josaphat microwave remote sensing laboratory JMRSL , Chiba university, Japan is developing the Boeing ‐ on‐board X‐band airborne SAR system. As the system requirements of proposed X‐ band SAR, the wide bandwidth of transmit signal, narrow beam width, beam tilting, and circular polarization are needed to support the high resolution image in range and azimuth directions. The frequency resouce is set to the center frequency on . Gz and the bandwidth of 8 Mz. Also, the antenna should support the tilt angle up to degree. To realize these requirements, the array antenna which has same characteristic in each module is proposed in the paper. The proposed antenna has modules and each module is designed as by elements. Considering the combination of these modules, the characteristic of each module is preferred to have same value because of used technic to tilt transmitted signal. The performance of proposed antenna has been verified based on the four performance eveluation parameters; return loss, axial ratio, gain, and radiation pattern. As a result, S , gain and radiation pattern could acquire the almost same value. owever, in axial ratio, there were some difference between each module. As a reason, the interference of transmitted signal is considered because of sequential array in object to be measured. Keywords Synthetic aperture radar; circular polarization; airborne SAR; X‐band antenna; nclude approximately keywords

1. INTRODUCTION

Recently, the circularly polarized CP antennas are attracting much attention in remote sensing fields. The benefits of CP antenna compared to the conventional linearly polarized LP antenna are listed as follow; small resistant than LP antenna while transmitted in atmosphere, less phase variation when the radiated wave through ionosphere and ease of antenna making which has narrow beam width than linear Corresponding author. Tel.: +8 ‐ ‐ ‐ 8 . E ‐mail address: Kaihei‐heychiba‐u.jp