Case Studies Optimization of the Acid Catalyst Concentration for Synthesis of Anti‐Cancer Agent Gamavuton‐0 by Using Mathematical and Statistical Software

1 using the name more widely than ever before. This strikingly contrasts with the case of Conan,” whose use was a completely personal matter and did not amount to any collection and communication of information from its referent. n short, our introduction and use of Conan” had nothing to do with our collecting and communicating information from the relevant object, which should be characterized as an essentially linguistic and social activity. On the other hand, the introduction and use of Unabomber” was indeed related to that kind of activity, and the fact that it actually provided people with the right kind of information, was ultimately responsible for their grasp of a singular thought about the Unabomber. Of course, information that was communicated using Unabomber” may have included those that did not originate from the Unabomber at all. f no information from him had been included, then, while using the descriptive name, the subject could have grasped no singular thought about the Unabomber. n reality, however, more and more information from the Unabomber came to be connected with Unabomber” as he repeated offenses. This is crucial for people to have a singular thought about him, given that their possession of such information plays an essential role in their grasp of such a singular thought. The subject who did obtain some information from the Unabomber must have been able to grasp a singular thought about him while using Unabomber,” even if he connected other information that did not originate from the Unabomber with Unabomber”. f the subject found some incorrect information in connection to Unabomber,” he would have immediately discarded it. This suggests that it was only information from the Unabomber that could affect the subject’s behavior and psychology. Thus, only the Unabomber could be connected to the subject in a way that characterized the grasp of a singular thought about a particular object.

4. Concluding Remarks

f all these considerations are on the right track, it follows that our use of descriptive names, which is meant to be a linguistic and social activity like the example given above, can actually widen the range of objects of which we can have a singular thought. f that is the case, it follows that descriptive names are uniquely important for our having a singular thought about a variety of objects that exist or existed throughout the world. n fact, the following passage suggests that a more or less similar view may underlie Semantic nstrumentalism. …The notion that a referent can be carried by a name from early past to present suggests that the language itself carries meanings, and thus that we can acquire meanings through the instrument of language. This frees us from the constraints of subjectivist semantics and provides the opportunity for an instrumental use of language to broaden the realm of what can be expressed and to broaden the horizons of thought itself. On my view, our connection with a linguistic community in which names and other meaning‐bearing elements are passed down to us enables us to entertain thoughts through the language that would not otherwise be accessible to us. Call this the Instrumental Thesis. …t urges us to see language, and in particular semantics, as more autonomous, more independent of the thought of individual users, and to see our powers of apprehension as less autonomous and more dependent on our vocabulary.” Of course, Semantic nstrumentalism emphasizes the point that our use of a descriptive name of itself allows us to grasp a singular thought about its referent. owever, the passage cited above clearly requires us to be connected to some or other language‐ speaking community in order to grasp such a thought. The problem, in my view, is that Semantic nstrumentalism has interpreted this connection as having nothing to do with our linguistic and social activity discussed above, which is collecting and communicating information from the relevant object. f my arguments so far are correct, we are forced to Kaplan 8 b , pp. ‐ . 2 conclude that, even in the case of an ordinary proper name from which the passage starts its consideration, our receiving and holding information from the referent is what is essential for us to have a singular thought about it. This information is often transferred to us through the linguistic and social activity carried out by using the very name. Thus, Semantic nstrumentalism makes a good point in stating that our use of descriptive names against a background of some language‐speaking community would enable us to have a singular thought that would otherwise not be accessible to us. owever, it would be a grave error to conclude that our use of descriptive names quite generally enables us to have a singular thought about its referent, regardless of whether the use is related to any linguistic and social activity.

5. References

Bach, K. 8 . What does it take to refer? n Lepre, E. and Smith, B. eds., The Oxford andbook of Philosophy of Language, pp. ‐ . Oxford: Clarendon Press. Evans, G. 8 . The Varieties of Reference, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Evans, G. 8 a . The Causal Theory of Names. n Evans, G., Collected Papers, pp. ‐ . Oxford: Clarendon Press. Evans, G. 8 b . Reference and Contingency. n Evans, G., Collected Papers, pp. 8‐ . Oxford: Clarendon Press. Jeshion, R. . Singular Thought: Acquaintance, Semantic nstrumentalism, and Cognitivism. n Jeshion, R. ed., New Essays on Singular Thought, pp. ‐ . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kaplan, D. 8 a . Demonstratives. n Almog, J. et al. eds., Themes from Kaplan, pp. 8 ‐ . New York: Oxford University Press. Kaplan, D. 8 b . Afterthoughts. n Almog, J. et al. eds., Themes from Kaplan, pp. ‐ . New York: Oxford University Press. McCulloch, G. 8 . A Variety of Reference? n Mind, , pp. ‐ 8 . Recanati, F. . Singular Thought: n Defense of Acquaintance. n Jeshion, R. ed., New Essays on Singular Thought, pp. ‐ 8 . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Joint Scientific Symposium IJJSS 2016 Chiba, 20‐24 November 2016 3 Topic : Humanities Ecological Anthropological Analysis of Nyale Foraging and the Sasak Calendar System in Lombok Shingo Odani a , Takuro Furusawa b , Masanori Sato c , and ana Shimizu‐Furusawa d a Faculty of Letters, Chiba University, 1‐33 Yayoicho, Inage, Chiba, 263‐8522, Japan b Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida‐Honmachi, Sakyo ‐ku, Kyoto 606‐8501, Japan c Research Field in Science, Science and Engineering Area, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890‐0065, Japan d Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1‐21‐1 Toyama, Shinjuku‐ku, Tokyo 162‐8655, Japan Abstract n Lombok sland of West Nusa Tenggara province, ndonesia, Nyale foraging is observed annually only at the spring tide around February. Nyale worms, which are identified into the family Eunicidae of Annelida, behave in mass spawning for reproduction once a year. Around West Nusa Tenggara province, people forage a part of Nyale bodies containing sperm and eggs for self‐consumption or selling in market. Nyale are assumed to be rich in protein and micro‐nutrients, hence people think Nyale consumption to enhance their health condition. When viewed from a cultural issue, Nyale foraging in Lombok accompanies Bau Nyale Festival, derived from a story of Putri Mandalika. The main practitioner of Bau Nyale and oral tradition of Putri Mandalika is the Sasak, who have their own lunar calendar system. The date of Nyale appearance is fixed as th October” in Sasak calendar, then other dates are corrected by the date of th October”. The dates around st January” in Sasak calendar is believed to be an ideal period for rice planting. Because rice cultivation has been the main subsistence of the Sasak, Nyale foraging has cultural and ecological significance for daily life in Lombok. This study analyses the systematic relation between Nyale foraging and other cultural issues, in order to reveal the rationality of indigenous practices in Lombok. n addition, by describing Bau Nyale Festival as a tourism resource from different angle, sustainability of indigenous practices is discussed. Keywords Keywords: Lombok; Sasak; Nyale; Calendar system; Ecological Anthropology

1. Calendar system and anthropology

From the beginning of Anthropology, calendar systems have been one of important subjects for revealing cultural diversity and universality [e.g. Tylor 8 ]. Corresponding author. Tel.: +8 ‐ ‐ ‐ 8; fax: +8 ‐ ‐ ‐ 8. E ‐mail address: odanifaculty.chiba‐u.jp