Purpose Methodology Optimization of the Acid Catalyst Concentration for Synthesis of Anti‐Cancer Agent Gamavuton‐0 by Using Mathematical and Statistical Software

2 0 Figure 1. Questionnaire in Math For example, hypothesis, elementary are two words that students know the English words and Japanese translation. Although their average importance is graded above , these words are not considered as the wanted academic words in this study. Constraint is a word that only know the English word, but 8 know its Japanese translation and its importance is graded as .8. Constraint is the word that this study wants. In‐service is a word that know the English word and know its Japanese translation. But considering its importance is graded under the average importance . , this study does not involve this word as the wanted academic words. 5 Results According to the evaluation standard as mentioned above, this study obtains academic vocabulary lists in Biology, Chemistry, Earth Science, Math and Physics. Table . Academic vocabulary list in Biology antireductionism fungal pathogen algorithm asynchronous hyphae computational sub‐stomatal necrotrophic methodological fractal endosome monism dispensable simulation qb quantum biology classical interaction execution episode Table . Academic vocabulary list in Chemistry synthesis uranyl aqueous conjugated optimal derivative solvent‐free condensation electron heterocyclic medicinal thermodynamic fuse pharmaceutical catalyst reflux aromatic tetrahedron ligands subsequent C sotope Chemistry nitrogen Table . Academic vocabulary list in Earth Science asteroid grid thermodynamic computation empirical velocity interface emission causality combustible hydroelectric vector GDP Gross Domestic product stand‐off aggregate diameter consistent hydropower simulation eustatic classification respectively deflection decomposition mitigation array entity algorithm tectonic nexus basin paleocene parameter stand‐on oxide chromium coating passive Table . Academic vocabulary list in Math 2 1 constraint pre‐test post‐test interactive disposition deviation excerpt induction covariance affirmation algorithmic Table . Academic vocabulary list in Physics simulation temporal decay threshold parameter disposition electroweak plasma dislocation orthogonal execute nonlinear residual tolerance copper transient isotope convergence algorithm refinement coefficient derivative cosmology hydraulic retrieve interface interaction equilibrium inquisitiveness truncation iteration grid preconditioning infrared computational mechatronics vector matrix respectively prototype Under evaluation standard , the percentage of know the English word”≠ ; , the percentage of know the Japanese translation” ; , the average importance . , the percentages of the number of the wanted academic words in the number of words in questionnaires are: Biology, ; Chemistry, ; Earth Science, ; Math, 8; physics, . There are probably reasons accounting for the fact that Math has the least academic words among fields. The first is because of the least data collection in Math compared with other fields; the second is because in academic papers in Math, the fact that lots of calculation process or results taking a large coverage of the texts cannot be neglected. Earth Science and Physics enjoy high percentage of wanted academic words in questionnaires. t is not just because of their large collection of data compared with others, but also because of the fact that there is word whose percentage of know the English word” is and know the Japanese translation” also in the questionnaires. t means that no words are considered as not wanted academic vocabulary because participants know their English spellings and Japanese translations. With Biology , Chemistry , Math , we can recognize that words in Earth Science and Physics are relatively difficult compared with words in other fields. 6 Summary and Discussion This study created a corpus consisting more than million words data in 8 fields and made academic vocabulary lists of fields in Biology, Chemistry, Earth Science, Math and Physics. After automatic effort by software, author further improved the results manually. The final academic vocabulary lists were results that were selected by university students in the corresponding fields. Rethinking about the results of this study, author recognized that they were closely related to the corpus size and evaluation standard. To raise accuracy, bigger corpus will be created in the next study. Evaluation standard can be adjusted according to the target of study. For example, all the derivative terms of words in Word System 5000 were removed in this study, but word like qualitative, which is the adjective of quality, actually was not known by many students. Therefore, it is important to rethink which kind of words should be removed or left. Besides, the evaluation standard to select the academic words also can be re‐considered. For students that do not have a large size of English vocabulary, more words should be included. Thus, relaxing the current criteria is significant. 2 2 References About Us”. JSPS. . https:www.jsps.go.jpenglishaboutusindex.html. Last accessed Oct. . About Google Scholar”. URL: https:scholar.google.co.jpintljascholarabout.html. Last accessed Oct. . About the BNC”. . British National Corpus. Oxford Text Archive, T Services, University of Oxford . http:www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk . Last Accessed Oct. . AntConc”. . Laurence Anthony’s Website. http:www.laurenceanthony.netsoftware. html . Last Accessed Oct. . AntConc elp”. . Laurence Anthony’s Website. http:www.laurenceanthony.netsoftwa reantconcreleasesAntConc help.pdf . Last Accessed Oct. . Collings English Dictionary. Available Online: http:www.collinsdictionary.com . Chino, Junichiro. Ominato, Yoshihiro. . The Development of the Vocabulary Size of Japanese EFL Learners. Nagaoka National College of Technology, V. , No. , pp. ‐ . N‐Electronic Library Service, Japan. Content”. . ELSEVER. https:www.elsevier.comsolutions sciencedirect content . Last Accessed Oct. . GoTagger”. . GOTO Kazuaki Website. http:web u.setsunan.ac.jpWebsiteGoTa gger.htm . Last Accessed Oct. . Goulden, R. Nation, Paul. Read, John. . ow Large Can a Receptive Vocabulary Be? Applied Linguistics, Vol. , No. , pp. ‐ . Oxford University Press. ntroduction to BCCWJ”. . Center for Corpus Development NNJAL. http:pj.nin jal.ac.jpcorpus_centerbccwj . Tachikawa, Tokyo. Last Accessed Oct. . shikawa, Shin‐ichiro. . A Basic Guide to Corpus Linguistics, ituzi Shoten, Tokyo, Japan. Joestu University of Education Library. . pun de wakaru ScienceDirect ScienceDirect made comprehensible in minutes’ . Joestu University of Education. http:www.lib.juen.ac.jpresearchpathfinder min‐ScienceDirect.pdf . Last Accessed Oct. . JSPS. . Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. https:www.jsps.go.jpj‐jisedaidata bunyahyo.pdf . Last Accessed Oct. . LDOCE. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Available Online: http:www.Ldoc eonline.com . Our Story”. . edX. https:www.edx.orgabout‐us . Last Accessed Oct. . Takefuta, Yukio. . Word System . Jukenkouza encourage English English Exam Course . Special ssues Feb st , , Fukutake Shoten. The Japan Association of College English Teachers. . The New JACET List of 8 Basic Words New JACET8 . Kirihara Shoten. Yamauchi, Yutaka. . Development of a Vocabulary Level Test for EFL Learners: The Relationship between learners Vocabulary Size and Reading Comprehension Skills. KATE Journal , ‐ ‐ . pp. ‐ . KATE. Joint Scientific Symposium IJJSS 2016 Chiba, 20‐24 November 2016 2 3 Topic : Social Sciences and Sustainabilities Promoting Cities through Shopping Street Unions in Japan Masakazu Ito Chiba University, Graduate School of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1‐33 Yayoi‐cho Inage ‐ku Chiba‐shi 263‐8522, Japan Abstract Some sociologists and commercial scientists have claimed that shopping streets serve various functions in the local ecosystem and culture. n particular, urban sociologists have claimed that streets are contexts of globalization immigration and gentrification urban development . n Japans case, however, there is limited influence of immigration on shopping streets. Moreover, Japanese shopping streets are not the main target of urban development; therefore, it is necessary for studies on Japanese shopping streets to analyze what affects of globalization and gentrification. This paper argues that promoting cities can play a significant role for them. To achieve this purpose, conducted a case study of activities in a Japanese shopping street union: fieldwork and interview at Sengen shopping street in Chiba City. Japanese shopping street unions have a history of accepting social policy for shopkeepers. owever, against this history, some argue whether shopping street unions are conservative groups or not. On the other hand, changes in social policy have emphasized city promoting. This trend influences shopping streets; some shopping street unions function as protectors of local ecosystem and culture. When shopping street union’s activities expand local culture and promote the city, the local community can undergo globalization and gentrification. Some Japanese shopping streets are tourist attractions. n Japan, promoting cities via shopping street unions is a key to the future development of shopping streets. n particular, tourism strategy facilitates their globalization and gentrification. Keywords shopping street, globalization, gentrification, local community

1. Study on shopping streets

1.1. Studies by sociologists and commercial scientists Some sociologists and commercial scientists have claimed that shopping streets perform various functions in the local ecosystem and its culture. Moreover, sociologists Corresponding author. Tel.: +8 ‐ ‐ 8 ‐ . E ‐mail address: adua chiba‐u.jp 2 4 have observed that shopkeepers have cooperated with local residents to manage local festivals and have participated in the efforts of residents to solve tasks associated with local governance such as ascertaining political opinions Tamano . Shopkeepers in shopping street unions have become part of a maintenance function for local culture and, through the pressure they exert, have political significance. Commercial scientists have considered shopping streets as important for central city revitalization. They have claimed that shopping areas have created prosperity” called nigiwai and have formed a local economy inspired by consumers’ shopping shihara and Nishimura . Shopping streets, therefore, have an important economic function in local communities. Studies on shopping streets have claimed that there are social functions that are managed by shopping streets to . 1.2. Studies by urban sociologists n particular, urban sociologists have claimed that streets are contexts for globalization immigration and gentrification urban development . Shopping streets associated with the context of globalization accept immigrants for employment, which is often their first work experience. Shopping streets in context of gentrification are involved in urban development, which, paradoxically, often cannot accept people who are immigrants or those with a low‐income Zukin, Kasinitz Chen . There are some steps that take place in order for gentrification to be reached. n the first instance, a street with low rent attracts immigrants and people with a low‐income for example, students and fledgling artists . They gradually form a unique culture with the opening of various shops and art galleries Sasajima . Second, this unique culture attracts interest to the street. t also brings in tourists and those interested in art. The third step is the influx of big capital a large corporation or an urban policy that has a rapid impact on the street. This leads to soaring property values and a scrap and build” form of exclusion to immigrants and low‐income residents. 1.3. Shopping streets in Japan n Japans case, however, there is limited influence of immigration on shopping streets. Moreover, Japanese shopping streets are not the main targets for urban development. n fact, during the last years, shopping streets have been in decline and are labeled shutter streets” as shopkeepers cannot keep their businesses afloat and building owners cannot find tenants. According to the Shopping Streets Actual Condition Survey Small and Medium Enterprise Agency , the rate of Prospering” and of those with an ndication of prospering” stands at a mere . . Meanwhile, the rate of Declining” businesses and of those Afraid of declining” is as high as . Table . Majority of Japanese shopping streets do not make money for the business owners who would benefit from urban development. Table . Business conditions of shopping streets in Business conditions Rate Prospering . ndication of prospering . Flat . Afraid of declining . Declining . No answer . Source: Shopping Streets Actual Condition Survey Small and Medium Enterprise Agency : Meanwhile, globalization gradually influences shopping streets from attracting tourists. There are some Japanese shopping streets that are tourist attractions, such as 2 Asakusa and Yanaka. Asakusa has a historic temple city that continues to prosper. The shopping streets in Asakusa naturally flourish because of their location near to such historic landmark. n Yanaka, there are guest houses and youth hostels supporting foreign travelers. n addition, townscape which is called shitamachi and means the expression of Japanese nostalgia about s‐ s is maintained by the shopping street union. Globalization from tourism may offer a guide to indicate gentrification. Therefore, it is necessary for studies on Japanese shopping streets to analyze the effects of globalization and gentrification on such streets. This paper argues that promoting cities can play a significant role. n order to achieve this, conducted a case study of the activities of a Japanese shopping street union.

2. Japanese shopping street unions

2.1. History of Japanese shopping street unions Japanese shopping street unions have a history of accepting social policy for shopkeepers. Between World War and World War , there was an inflow of people from the rural coutryside into urban areas who soon constituted a new low‐income class. They made a living from trade learned through trial and error. n order to get relief from pressures associated with urbanization, they established shopping street unions. This phenomenon of urbanization is not unique to Japan and can also observed in order parts of the world Arata . During the high economic growth period ‐ , there was the emergence of a white‐collar class, also termed a new middle class. At the same time, an urban self‐ employment class shopkeepers was established by national social policy that regulate to build big stores. The development of these two classes became known as the stability of both wings” Arata . 2.2. Recent trends of Japanese shopping street unions Bearing this history in mind, some argue whether shopping street unions are conservative groups or not. n actuality, after the high economic growth period, shopping street unions claimed that they were opposed to the building of big stores near their streets and they wanted a social policy to be in place that would allow them to receive financial assistance. Such attempts have led to the formation of the impression that the shopping street unions have a conservative agenda. Conversely, in around the year the sharing equally” social policy changed into the policy of supporting for working hard” social policy Nakazawa . This policy’s development led to a reconsideration of whether shopping street unions are truly conservators, since this policy shift acted towards the promotion of cities. The broader Japanese social circumstances, which include challenges such as declining birthrate, the growing number of elderly people and the experience of natural disasters for example, the Kobe earthquake and the Tohoku earthquake demonstrated the necessity of having a vibrant local community. Such trends influenced shopping areas with some shopping street unions functioning as the protectors of the local ecosystem and culture.

3. Case study of the Sengen shopping street in Chiba City

3.1. Shopping street unions in Chiba City 2 Chiba City is the capital of the Chiba Prefecture that is contiguous with the Tokyo Metropolitan area. n , unions belonged to the Chiba City shopping street union. The average number of shops in these unions stands at . shops. owever, there was only information about of the unions on the Chiba City shopping street union’s website. Of these unions, managed original events, and only seven unions have original websites Chiba City Shopping Street Union . Therefore, we cannot conclude that shopping street unions in Chiba City necessarily prosper. 3.2. Sengen shopping street in Inage area nage area belongs to nage Ward in Chiba City. The nage area is a suburb that has access to Tokyo station, which is about minutes away from the area by the rapid train operated by Japan Railways JR . The size of the nage area is roughly equal to that of a junior high school district. Table . Population of Chiba City, nage Ward and nage area Source :National Population Census n the past, the nage area had a view of the ocean and was a farming and fishing village. n , Keisei Railway opened traffic between Oshiage station in Tokyo and the Keisei nage station. The nage area was prospered as a health resort for cultural people, while the masses flocked to its beaches. During this time, the Sengen shopping street began to prosper. owever, in , the area, especially the beach, became subject to urban development and was soon transformed into a dormitory suburb of Tokyo for white collars workers. The central part of the nage area saw the moving of the Keisei nage station to the JR nage station. Finally, in 8 , the JR nage station could accept rapid trains, which added to the image of the nage area have been thought as a dormitory suburb. The construction of projects such as Proud Tower nage” floors, rooms, built in September and Willis nage” floors, rooms, built in February became symbolic condominiums of a dormitory suburb. The Sengen shopping street, with a total length of about meters, has been managed by the nage shopping street promoting union that was established in . By , there were shops that were members of this union the number of shops not in the union stands at 8 . The shoppers are predominantly senior residents who have access to the Sengen shopping street and go there on foot. This shopping area was an example of a typically declining Japanese shopping street in Japan until around when the union started two main activities in the nage area. 3.3. Activities in Sengen shopping street One Shop, Great Products Movement called Itten Ippin Undo started in 1993 The above movement inspired shops to consider product development. n this initiative, each shop was to create great” products and sell them. Recently, an incorporated non‐profit organization NPO called the One Shop, Great Products Movement Association, established in , chose to support shopping street unions. The association opened lectures for product development, supported the teaching and learning of product design, and promoted a great” products fair in the shopping streets. Furthermore, it created networking opportunities for each shopping street unions. The primary characteristic of the movement is routine participation in product learning and for the exchange of views and opinions about each product. owever, because these Chiba City nage Ward nage area Population Total , , 8 , Male 8 , 8,8 , Female 8 , 8, ,