Causative Optimization of the Acid Catalyst Concentration for Synthesis of Anti‐Cancer Agent Gamavuton‐0 by Using Mathematical and Statistical Software

2 0 4.2. Loss of UTON and the rise of LET As sketched in Section . ., in the adhortative category OE UTON fell into disuse and LET came into use in the Medieval period. The demise of UTON can be ascribed to the decline of so‐called verb‐first V order in declarative sentences, where the finite verb is placed at the beginning of the sentence preceding its subject. １１ UTON almost always appears in the V position, followed by its subject we. This order does not follow the general tendency of word order change, as Önnerfors : briefly mentions: [d]ie noch im Ae. häufige V ‐Stellung im selbständigen DS [= Deklarativsatz] wird im Laufe der Zeit etwas seltener, wenn sie auch im Me. nicht verschwindet The V order in the declarative sentence, still frequent in OE, becomes somewhat rarer in the course of time, although it does not entirely disappear even in ME’ my translation The construction using LET with US is attested later. The following is the first example of LET US in the OED2 s.v. let, .a. . １ ME: Chaucer Canterbury Tales, The Man of Law’s Tale ‐ １ Now lat us stynte of Custance but a throwe, now let us cease‐speaking of Custance only a space‐of‐time And speke we of the Romayn Emperour and speak we of the Roman Emperor Let us cease speaking of Custance for just a short time and let us speak of the Roman emperor’ As the V word order of the declarative sentence becomes rare in ME, LET in the imperative form inherits the adhortative function. The contextual role of this example is to change the topic, and LET has two notions: VOLTON and PERMSSON. The narrator in wishes to move on from the story about Custance to the next topic, the Roman emperor, and asks the hearers for permission to change the topic for the pragmatic interpretation of this example, see Krug : ‐ in detail . The wish can be conveyed by the imperative form placed in the V position, and the permissive notion is in the lexical meaning of LET. The use of LET in the adhortative context in is possible because LET keeps its permissive meaning throughout the ME period.

5. Summary

This study investigated the lexical alternations of LET and other auxiliaries in OE and ME from the perspective of modality. The main findings can be summarised as follows. First, OE LET mainly denotes PERMSSON. The sense of OBLGATON is mainly conveyed by OE HĀTAN and occasionally by DO and ME MAKE. Second, OE UTON clarifies the speaker’s wish to carry out the propositional content, but later falls into disuse due to the decline of the declarative V order. Third, the rise of ME LET in the Many studies discuss the status of this peculiar position of the finite verb. The function of the V order may be topicalisation, although shall not enter into this problem in detail. For this word order in Proto‐ndo‐European, see Fortson : ‐ , and for that in OE, Ogawa and Ringe Taylor : ‐ are noteworthy. The very first example of .a. takes Lat with me, dated . t seems that the OED2 makes no clear distinction between the usage for someone’s asking permission to do something Let me’ and an adhortative usage Let us’ . Text from Benson ed. 8 : . Literal glossing and emphasis are mine. 2 1 imperative mood for the adhortative highlights the contextual role of an entity wishing to realise the propositional content, with the permission of the addressee implied. For further study, the scope of the texts used should be expanded and indispensable theoretical support will be provided through philological analysis of the contexts. This project hopes to contribute to the comprehensive study of several lexemes used for the same or similar functions from a diachronic perspective. References Dictionaries DOEWC = ealey, A. di., J. P. Wilkin, X. Xiang, Eds. . . Dictionary of Old English Web Corpus, Dictionary of Old English Project, Toronto, Canada. http:www.doe.utoronto.ca. Last Accessed November . OED2 = Simpson, J. A. E. S. C. Weiner, Eds. . 8 . Oxford English Dictionary. nd ed. st ed. by J. A. . Murray et al., 8 , Vols. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. CD‐ROM Version . . Editions Benson, L. D., Ed. . 8 . The Riverside Chaucer. rd ed., oughton Mifflin, Boston, USA. Clemoes, P., Ed. . . Ælfric’s Catholic omilies: The First Series. EETS, s.s. , Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. Godden, M., Ed. . . Ælfric’s Catholic omilies: The Second Series. EETS, s.s. , Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. Morris, R., Ed. . 8 8 . Old English omilies and omiletic Treatises. First Series. EETS, o.s. , , Tr“bner, London, United Kingdom. ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐, Ed. . 8 . Old English omilies of the Twelfth Century. Second Series. EETS, o.s. , Tr“bner, London, United Kingdom. ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐, Ed. . 8 ‐ 88 . The Blickling omilies in the Tenth Century. EETS, o.s. 8, , , Tr“bner, London, United Kingdom. Skeat, W. W., Ed. . 88 ‐ [rpt. ]. Ælfric’s Lives of Saints. Vols. Vol. : 88 ‐ 88 ; Vol. : 8 ‐ . EETS, o.s. , 8 , , , Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. Thorpe, B., Ed. . 8 ‐ 8 . The omilies of the Anglo‐Saxon Church: The First Part, Containing the Sermones Catholici, or omilies of Ælfric. Vols. Vol. : 8 ; Vol. : 8 , The Ælfric Society, London, United Kingdom. Studies Aarts, B. . Oxford Modern English Grammar, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. Bauer, L. . A Glossary of Morphology, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 2 2 Bergen, L. v. . Let’s Talk about Uton. n A. . Jucker, D. Landert, A. Seiler, N. Studer‐Joho Eds. . Meaning in the istory of English: Words and Texts in Context, pp. ‐ 8 . Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Clemoes, P. . The Chronology of Ælfric’s Works. n P. Clemoes Ed. . The Anglo‐ Saxons: Studies in Some Aspects of their istory and Culture Presented to Bruce Dickins, pp. ‐ . London: Bowes Bowes. Cook, A. S. 8 8 [rpt. ]. Biblical Quotations in Old English Prose Writers, Macmillan, London, United Kingdom. rpt.: Folcroft Library Editions . Curme, G. O. . Syntax, D.C. eath Company, Boston, USA. Ellegård, A. . The Auxiliary Do: the Establishment and Regulation of its Use in English, Almqvist Wiksell, Stockholm, Sweden. Fortson, B. W. . ndo‐European Language and Culture: an ntroduction. nd ed., Wiley‐Blackwell, Chichester, United Kingdom. uddleston, R. G. K. Pullum. . A Student’s ntroduction to English Grammar, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. kegami, Y. 8 . On the Development of Causative Use of the Verbs Do and Make in English. n . Fujiwara, K. asegawa, Y. kegami, T. Kubouchi, S. Ono, K. Oshitari, . Shimoda, Y. Terasawa Eds. . Eigo no Rekishi to Kouzou: Festschrift for Prof. Kikuo Miyabe, pp.8 ‐ . Tokyo: Kenkyusha. Kaita, K. . Modal Auxiliaries from Late Old to Early Middle English – with Special Reference to Āgan, Sculan, and Mōtan, M“nchen, Germany, erbert Utz. Ker, N. R. [rpt. ]. Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo‐Saxon, Clarendon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. Krug, M. . Modality and the istory of English Adhortatives. n R. Salkie, P.