Fiber Lasers Optimization of the Acid Catalyst Concentration for Synthesis of Anti‐Cancer Agent Gamavuton‐0 by Using Mathematical and Statistical Software

7 Photonic‐crystal fiber PCF is a new class of optical fiber based on the properties of photonic crystals. Because of its ability to confine light in hollow cores or with confinement characteristics not possible in conventional optical fiber, PCF is now finding applications in fiber‐optic communications, fiber lasers, nonlinear devices, high‐ power transmission, highly sensitive gas sensors, and other areas. Photonic crystal fibers may be considered a subgroup of a more general class of microstructured optical fibers, where light is guided by structural modifications, and not only by refractive index differences. Due to special microstructured optical features, it makes possible to expand spectral of transmitting light. See Fig.8 3.6 Optical Frequency Comb. Optical frequency comb is generated by phase locking of mode lock laser. For mode‐locking, passive and active methods exist. ere passive mode‐lock methods are shown in Fig. . Fig. a Linear type mode‐lock fiber laser Fig. b Ring type mode‐lock fiber laser Fig. 8 Spectral expansion of a fiber laser by using a photonic crystal fiber. Fig.10 Frequency measurement of Experimental turnkey setup of the frequency measurement. system: PZT, piezoelectric transducer Shibli, 2004 8 The frequency comb system under the phase‐lock of a mode‐lock laser has been used for the national length standard in Japan . The frequency comb technique is used in the fields of optical clock, optical metrology, frequency chain generation, optical atomic clocks, high precision spectroscopy, and more precise GPS technology.

4. Lidar Application

One of the application of Optical Frequency Comb is the measurement of distance. n distance measurement, usually the beat of probe and reference lights, so the term of lidar is not commonly used lidar, but range finder where the distance to a rigid surface is obtained. Minoshima, , Swann, , Balling, , Coodington, , Baumann, , Wu, G., , Wu, X., . The lidar system Minoshima, which is used for the measurement of m distance in an optical tunnel is shown in Fig. . They measured in the accuracy of ‐ . Fig. Experimental setup of the high‐accuracy distance meter. n a case of soft target reflection, the return signal is very weak, but the greenhouse gas monitoring over kilometer air path is tried Rieker, .

5. Dual Comb

Dual comb technique is a method to use two optical frequency comb system with slight frequency difference. The slight difference of resonant frequency is used for step of spectral resolution. Sasada, . Many molecules with resonant frequency in NR are measured. Fig. Principle of Dual Comb. n Fig. , Dual comb green‐house gases monitoring over km path is described. Concentration of C , O and CO are measured. Rieker, . n the case of OFC lidar monitoring, Signal to Noise is sais to be limited by shot noise, dark current ,etc. owever, speckle noise may also limit SN ratio. OFC OFC Sample Detector Spectrum Analyser 9 Fig. Open ‐air path greenhouse gas sensing through dual‐com spectroscopy. Some investigation of detailed system will be shown in the presentation. Acknowledgements The author express deep thanks for information and discussion to Prof. Kaoru Minoshima, UEC, and Prof. Yohei Kobayashi, SSP, U. Tokyo. References Balling, P., Kren, P., Masikka, P., van der Berg, S.A., . Femtosecnd frequency comb based distance measurement in air, Optics Express 17 . Baumann, E., Giorgetta, F.R., Coddington, ., Sinclair, L.C., Kanabe, K., Swann, W.C., Newbury, N.R., . Comb‐calibrated frequency‐modurated continuous wave ladar for absolute distance measurements, Optics Letters, 38 . Boudreau, S., Levasseur, S., Perilla, C., Roy, S., . Chemical detection with hyperspectral lidar using dual frequency comb, Optics Express 21 . Coddington, ., Swann, W.C., Nenadovic, L., Newbury, N.R., . Rapid and precise absolute distance measurements at long range, Nature Photonics. 3 . H äns“h, T. 2006. “Nobel Le“ture: passion for pre“ision , Review of Mo”ern Physi“s 12,1297. all, J. . Nobel Lecture: defining and measuring optical frequencies”, Review of Modern Physics 78, . naba, ., Daimon, Y., ong, F‐L., Onae, A., Minoshima, K., Schibli, T. R., Maatsumoto, ., irano, M., Okuno, T., Onishi, M., Nakazawa, M., . Long‐term measurement of optical frequencies using a simple, robust and low‐nosie fiber based frequency comb, Optics Express 14 . Minoshima, K., Matsumoto, ., . igh accuracy measurement of ‐m distance in an optical tunnel by use of a compact femtosecond laser. Applied Optics 39 . Newbury, N.R., Swann, W.C., . Low‐noise fiber‐laser frequency coms J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24 . Nishizawa, N., . Development and application of fiber laser, Optics, 42, 8. in Japanese Rieker, G.B., Giorgetta, F.R., Swann, W.C., Kofler, J., Zolot, A.M., Sinclair, L.C., Baumann,E., Cromer, C., Petron, G., Sweeney, C., Tans, P.P.,Coddington, ., Newburry, N.R.., . Frequency‐ comb‐based remote sensing of greenhouse gases overr kiloeter air paths, Optica 5 . Sasada, ., , Current status and prospect of optical frequency comb technology, Optics 41 in Japanese. Shibli, T.R., Minoshima, K. ong, F.‐L., naba, ., Onae,, A., Matsumoto, ., artl, . Fermann, M. E., . Frequency metrology with a turnkey all‐fiber system, OPTICS LETTERS 29, 10 Swann, W.C., Newbury, N.R., . Frequency‐resolved coherent lidar using a femtosecond fiber laser. Optics Letters 31 8 . Wu, G., Takahashi, M., naba, ., Minoshima, K., Pulse‐to‐pulse alignment technique based on synthetic‐wavelength interferometry of optical frequency combs for distance measurement Optics Letters 38 . Wu, X., Wei, ., Zhang, ., Ren, .L., Li, Y., Zhang, J., . Absolute distance measurement using frequency‐sweeping heterodyne interferometer calibrated by an optical frequency comb, Applied Optics 52 . Ye, J., Cundiff.S.T. . Femtosecond Optical Frequency Comb: Principle, Operation, and Applications, Springer Joint Scientific Symposium IJJSS 2016 Chiba, 20‐24 November 2016 11 Topic : Remote Sensing Modeling of scattering enhancement factor, fRH, in Chiba using visibility and ground measurements Nofel Lagrosas a,b , Tomoaki Tsuneyoshi b , Naohiro Manago b , iroaki Kuze b a Manila Observatory, Ateneo de Manila University campus,Katipunan Ave. 1108 Quezon City, Philippines b Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, 1‐33 Yayoi‐cho, Inage‐ku, 263‐ 8522 Chiba, Japan Abstract Monthly scattering enhancement factor, fRH, is evaluated in Chiba in 2014. Hourly extinction coefficients at 875 nm are obtained from visibility meter operated at a Japan Meteorological Agency station located 2.5km south of Chiba University. Absorption coefficients at 875 nm are extrapolated from aethalometer measurements. Scattering coefficients are obtained as the difference between the extinction and absorption coefficients. These scattering coefficients in a month are averaged for every ambient relative humidity RH. To obtain the dry scattering coefficient, a 7-point running average is applied to the visibility with RH to acquire the power-law fit of the visibility with RH. The scattering coefficient in the 0-30 RH range is the dry scattering coefficient obtained from the fit. The monthly fRH is the ratio of the scattering coefficients and the dry scattering coefficient in a month. A power-law is used to fit the fRH with RH. The winter months show increasing f RH with RH for RH80. November, December, January and February show that fRH starts to increase at around RH=75. The high fRH values in February is considered as the effect of high RH in early morning. The change of fRH with RH is relatively insignificant in the summer months, although fRH rapidly changes with RH for RH90. This rapid increase can be explained as the effect of the presence of higher volume concentration of organics in the atmosphere, as revealed in the chemical component analysis previously conducted by our group. Keywords Scattering enhancement factor, relative humidity, visibility meter, absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient.

1. Introduction

Aerosols are liquid and solid particles that are suspended in the atmosphere. They are produced from natural and man‐made activities Seinfeld Pandis, . Their scattering properties depend on their size, chemical and optical characteristics. Aerosol growth takes place under conditions of increasing relative humidity R and changes the scattering properties considerably. The parameter used to quantify aerosol scattering properties with R is the scattering enhancement factor, f RH . t is defined as Corresponding author Tel.: + ‐ ‐ 8; fax: + ‐ ‐ 8 . E ‐mail address: nofelobservatory.ph