Unfamiliar concepts for foreigner non‐Japanese manga readers

142 lines, Yotsuba. Sore ore tomo yarou ze Yotsuba, play it with me, too. ” owever, this impression is deleted in the German version. t is obvious that in the alteration for the translation, the interpretion of conversation sequence can be changed. On the other hand, the evaluative expression and attitude remain mostly unchanged and the expression for these can be changed during translation.

5. Conclusion

n this study, propose method of analysis for translated manga texts and demonstrate analysis with it. Because have shown that manga texts are speaking texts, suggested method of analysis based on the analysis of real speaking texts and using similar parameters. divided literal texts” of manga into two types and analyzed them: unfamiliar cultural concepts to non‐Japanese manga readers and conversational texts. n conclusion, found that, far from a word‐for‐word translation of concepts or conversational sequences of the different culture, translators exchange the words translated verbatim with the proper native expressions, or add details according to assumed background knowledge about Japanese culture on the part of readers; second, translators change the original elements on purpose in some cases in order to maintain the conversational sequence. t is obvious that the translators do not only assimilate to their own culture, they also exclude Japanese vocabulary or cultural concepts in order to balance their translations. Manga Texts have many different contextual features. ow the translator translates these texts can be decided by determining which factor is important, what is demanded by the manga reader, or who reads manga in general. By these elements, translators decide how they will translate words and concepts. References Austin, J. ow to Do Things with Words, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. Azuma, K. ‐ Yotsuba, Wehner, Marcus Trasl. , ‐ Bde, TOKYOPOP, amburg, Germany. Azuma, K. ‐ . Yotsuba, Amy, orsyth Vol. , ‐ , Marcus Wehner Vol. ‐ , ‐ Trasl. , Vol. ‐ , Yen press, New York, USA. Azuma, K. ‐ . Yotsubato Yotsuba , ASC Media Works, Tokyo, Japan. Franco, J. A. . Culture‐specific tems in Translation, in Álvarez C.‐Á. Vidal Eds. Translation, Power, Subversion. Multilingual Matters. pp. ‐ 8, Bristol, United Kingdom. Fujinami, F. . Kotoba Asobi onnyaku no Kinou Shugiteki Kousatsu Das Ubersetzen des Wortspiels unter funktionalem Gesichtspunkt , Doitsu Bungaku Ronshu Beiträge zur Germanistik , Vol. , pp. ‐8 , Kobe, Japan. [in Japanese] GfK Entertainment. . PROZENT MER UMSATZ: DAS GESCÄFT MT MANGAS BOOMT, Baden‐Baden, Germany. http:www.gfk‐entertainment.comnews ‐prozent‐mehr‐ umsatz‐das‐geschaeft‐mit‐mangas‐boomt 8 ‐ ‐prozent‐mehr‐umsatz‐das‐geschaeft‐ mit‐mangas‐boomt.html. Last Accessed August . J“ngst, . . Manga in Germany – From Translation to Simulacrum. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, Vol. , No. , pp. 8‐ , DO: . 8 8 Nida, E. . onnyakugaku Josetsu Toward a science of translating , Naruse, Takeshi Trasl. , Kaibunsha, Tokyo, Japan. [in Japanese] Unser‐Schutz, G. . Ninki Manga no Corpus de Miru Moji yogen no Bunrui ni Tuite From the Corpus of Popular Mangas the Classification of Literal Representation’ : Nihon Manga Gakkai Dai Kai Taikai Program appyou Youshishu The th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics , Yokohama, Japan. [in Japanese] Joint Scientific Symposium IJJSS 2016 Chiba, 20‐24 November 2016 143 Topic : Social Sciences and Sustainabilities The Development of Organic Farming and Family Change in Postwar Japan Chiyo Yonemura Faculty of Letters, Chiba University, 1‐33, Yayoicho, Inage‐ku, Chiba‐shi, 263‐8522,JAPAN Abstract This research analyzes the development of the organic farming movement in Postwar Japan from the perspective of family change. Many organic farmers and their communities that emerged during the s were opposed to the dominant agricultural methods which promoted heavy use of agricultural chemicals. Strong ties between farmers and consumers were one of the most significant characteristics of those communities, some of which still exist, while others are confronting management difficulties. First, this research will briefly overview the characteristics of these communities and their social backgrounds in the s, particularly their family histories. Similarities among these groups were as follows: Producers and consumers were strongly involved in environmental and agricultural policies. Consumers supported farmers not only by purchasing organic products, but also by helping the farm. Urban housewives who had migrated from rural areas composed the majority of consumers demanding safe produce. Second, we would like to consider these communities in terms of family change. Most Japanese farmers, organic or otherwise, are family farmers, so many are confronting succession problems. n addition, consumer families are undergoing changes. For example, core members are aging and the younger generations have different approaches to obtaining reliable produce, such as visiting specialty stores or farmers market. n summary, this paper will suggest reinvestigating the social value of non‐ commercialized organic farming in contemporary society. Keywords Organic farming; Family Change; Family History; Postwar Japan Chiyo Yonemura. Tel.: +8 ‐ ‐ ‐ 8 ; fax: +8 ‐ ‐ ‐ 8 . E ‐mail address:yonemurachiba‐u.jp