Plant and Chemical Materials
2.3 Animals
Female Sprague–Dawley rats, aged week, were purchased from Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, ndonesia. The animals were grouped and maintained under the standard laboratory conditions with dark and light cycle h and allowed free access to commercial pellet diet and water ad libitum.2.4 Administration Procedure
Rats were acclimatized to laboratory condition for week before the commencement of the experiment. Ovariectomized rat were done to all experimental animals except to the normal group. Animals were assigned to the experimental groups : normal, OVX, OVX‐Estradiol, OVX‐ECM mgkg BW, OVX‐ECM mgkg BW, OVX‐ ECM mgkg BW, with five animals per group, per experiment. Twenty days after ovariectomized rat, all of the rats were allowed to the controlled access to a commercial standard pellet and to deionized water ad libitum for days. The extract of C moschata tuber was given orally once a day during days and the doses are mgkg BW, mgkg BW, and mgkg BW to the experiemental group of OVX‐ECM. The group of OVX‐Estradiol was given estradiol with the dose of µgday, and the control groups and OVX did not get any treatment. On the st day, the rats were sacrificed and their thigh bones are taken to process measurement of bone calcium level.2.5 The Measurement of Bone Calcium Level Using the Atomic Absorption
SpectroscopyAAS The isolated bones were weighted to find out the weight of the bones. The sample of the isolated bones that had been weighted was to be destructed by using ml NO and ml ClO , and heated until the bones dissolve in the solution and the solution became clear. The destruction was continued until + ml left, then added ml of distilled water to it. The solution of the sample was filtered and diluted using the distilled water until ml. The sample as the result of destruction process was ready to be read at the absorbance part using the AAS at the wavelength of λ , nm. The result of the reading then was compared with the standard curve, therefore came up the level of bone calcium in mgdl or ppm.The standard curve is the result of the absorbance measurement from several series dilution from calcium standard dilution. The concentrations of carbonic calcium CaCO that was used as the standar solution are ; , ; , ; , ; , ; ,8; ; ; ; ; and mgL. The result of standard solution absorbance measurement would create the similarity on the linear lines that were used to find out the calcium level of the ovariectomized rat bones that were used as the sample.2.6 Data Analisis
The bone calcium level data from the animal experiments were expressed as the mean ± SD. The statistical significance of differences between the groups were assessed 294 with a one‐way ANOVA, p values of less than . were considered to indicate significant differences.3. Result and Discussion
The average of bone calcium level was gained from the measurement of bone calcium level in rats Rattus norvegicus Sprague‐Dawley strain ovariectomized model. Those rats were given the teraphy of etanolic extract of seeds of pumpkin C moschata and measured of bone calcium level with AAS methods. The result is shown in Table . Table 1.The average of bone calcium level. No Group Bone calcium level + SD . Normal 8. + . . OVX . + . . OVX‐Estradiol . + . . OVX‐ECM mgkg BW . + .88 . OVX‐ECM mgkg BW 8. ± . . OVX‐ECM mgkg BW 8. 8 ± . Ovariectomy is a process to take away the ovarium in order to make the model rats become menopause. The assumption is that after the ovariectomy, the rats will experience the decreasing of estrogen hormone and it is similar to the hormone deficiency in menopause women. The decreasing of the estrogen hormone after the ovariectomy because the ovarium as the hormone producer is alredy been removed. The decreasing of estrogen hormone in the animal model is proven by artiningsih et al., who explains that the ovariectomy in rats can decrease drastically the estrogen hormone level, so the condition is similar to menopause. The bone calcium level is different between normal group and OVX group. The normal rat treatment group is the groups that have normal ovarium and they still produce estrogen endogen hormone. The average of bone calcium level at the normal group is 8. , and it is higher than OVX group, . . Although the difference is not significant based on the statistic analysis. The decreasing of bone calcium in the OVX group is to prove that that estrogen deficiency in the ovariectomy rats also decrease the bone calcium level Nurrochmad et al., also state the same result . Estrogen endogen deficiency in the menopause women can lead to the increasing of osteoclastogenesis process and the loss of bone mass. n order to keep the estrogen balance, menopause women need to get substitute for the estrogen hormone. Estrogen intake can increase the apoptosis of osteoclasts as it hinders the formation of cytokine that can stimulate the osteoclasts differentiation L‐ , L‐ , dan TNF‐α . Besides, the estrogen intake can also stimulates the osteoprotegerin OPG expression and TGF‐β Transforming Growth Factor‐β from the osteoblast and stroma cells, so the process can hamper bone resorption NOS, ; Kennedy et al., 8 . t is in line with the result of calcium level in OVX‐Estradiol, which get the Estradiol therapy. The average of the calcium level is . and it is higher than the OVX group. The administration of ECM , and 8 mgkg BB effectively prevented OVX‐ induced lowering calcium bone level. ECM is phytoestrogens from seed C.moschata agent containing isoflavones types of phenolic glycosides. Phytoestrogens have two hydroxyl O . O group that is the basic structure of a substrate in order to have estrogenic effects, so it is able to bind to estrogen receptors. The chemical structure of phytoestrogens have similar chemical structure to estrogen in mammals. soflavones areParts
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