Market Mechanism Of Ibn Taimiyah In Perspective Of Veithzal Rivai

10 assumption on market competition is unambiguous. Furthermore, he wrote “to force people to sell objects which are not obligatory to sell, or restrict them from selling a permissible object, are injustice and therefore, unlawful. ” n term of contemporary economy, it is clearly shows full freedom to enter or exit the market. ereafter, he criticized collusion between buyer and seller. The homogeneity and product standardization, explained by bn Taimiyah: “advocated in his condemnation of adulteration of the product and of fraud and deception in its presentation for sale”. bn Taimiyah pointed the knowing of market and commodities, as well as sale and purchase contract, depends on approval and approval needs knowledge and understanding. bn Taimiyah opposed excessive regulation when market forces independently determines the competitive prices. With still consider imperfection market, he recommended if sellers hoard and sell for the higher price than normal price even people need the goods, so that sellers should sell it at equivalent price level. This concept synonymous with fair prices. Furthermore, if those are elements of monopoly especially in market of foodstuff and other basic human needs , government should prohibit the monopoly power. n Al‐Hisbah fi al‐Islam explained about restriction of individual economic freedom in certain cases, including restriction on pricing of goods and services. bn Taimiyah explained the restriction of economic freedom that individual is fully authorized to keep his property and no one can take other property without permission and agreement that justified, except in certain cases that clearly they should give it, such as spending zakat from our property. The implication of statement that slam based on market mechanism are the doctrines of economic that proposed by bn Taimiyah as follows: 8 1. People are free to enter and exit the market. 2. Good information about power and commodities that traded in the market is indispensable. 3. The elements of monopolistic should be removed from the market. 4. n case of this freedom, bn Taimiyah recognized the effects of increased demand and decreased supply to the prices. bnu Taimiyah, Al‐Hisbah, Op.cit., p. in Muhammad, Ekonomi Mikro Dalam Perspektif Islam, Yogyakarta: BPFE‐Yogyakarta, , p. . Ibid., p. . Ibid., p. . Muhammad, Op.cit., p. . Ibid., bnu Taimiyah, Al‐Hisbah, Op.cit., in Muhammad, Ekonomi Mikro Dalam Perspektif Islam, Yogyakarta: BPFE‐ Yogyakarta, , p. . Monzher Kahf, The Economic Views of Ibn Taimiyah, Unpublished Paper, in Muhammad, Ekonomi Mikro Dalam Perspektif Islam, Yogyakarta: BPFE‐Yogyakarta, , p. . 8 Muhammad,Op.cit., p. . 10 5. Deviation from economic freedom practices on the level, such as perjury, incorrect scales and others. n addition, commodities that traded should follow the norms of Al‐Qur’an such as commodities does not contain alcohol, prostitution and gambling. Therefore, the conclusion is bn Taimiyah has clearly perception on market condition, that in market should exist honesty, transparency and freedom to choose the important formulation. So, it related to the appreciation and evaluation of the analyzing in relevance to the market and mechanism of price fixing.

6. Conclusion

Market mechanism is a power that are mass impersonal and natural so that reflect condition of people’s economy comprehensively. n a perfect competition market, there is no one may control the market. Appreciation of slam on market mechanism according to the word of Allah said the transaction or commerce should be done in a good way based on the principle of mutual pleasure rida so that created fairness. Market mechanism that be expected is an equilibrium among supply and demand which determine the prices, so that created normal prices in the market. The success of market mechanism is it can allocates factors of production efficiently and pushing up for the economic development. bn Taimiyah has his clearly point of view on freedom market, which the prices determined by supply and demand power. Because market in slam is an element that not operate itself so that it unite itself with individual, people and the state. All of those elements related each other and operate in combination to realize prosperity in the world and the hereafter. slam recognizes market mechanism as long as it works with fair, equitable, mutual pleasure and there is no distortion. Generally, he showed the beauty of market the beauty of market mechanism as a mechanism of economy , with all its shortcomings. For this reason, he denied the intervention to push and determine the prices price intervention so that will disturb the freedom mechanism. As long as rise and fall of supply and demand are caused by natural factor. owever, we should realize that market mechanism will not always work perfectly, often the distortion will happen. Therefore, the intervention will be justified for a certain specific cases and also specifically. REFERENCES Anto, endri, Pengantar Ekonomika Mikro Islami, Yogyakarta: Ekonisia, . At‐Tariqi, Abdullah Abdul usain, Ekonomi Islam: Prinsip, Dasar dan Tujuan, translated by M. rfan Syofwani, Yogyakarta: Magistra nsania Press, , First Edition. 107 Chamid, Nur, Jejak Langkah Sejarah Pemikiran Ekonomi slam, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, . Kahf, Monzher The Economic Views of Ibn Taimiyah, Unpublished Paper, in Muhammad, Ekonomi Mikro Dalam Perspektif Islam, Yogyakarta: BPFE‐ Yogyakarta, . Karim, Adiwarman, Sejarah Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam, Third Edition, Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, . Muhammad, Ekonomi Mikro Dalam Perspektif Islam, Yogyakarta: BPFE‐Yogyakarta, . Pusat Pengkajian dan Pengetahuan Ekonomi slam P E U Yogyakarta in collaboration with Bank ndonesia, Ekonomi Islam, Jakarta : PT RajaGrafindo Persada, . Riva’i, Veithzal dan Andi Buchari, Islamic Economics : Ekonomi Syariah Bukan Opsi Tetapi Solusi, Jakarta : PT Bumi Aksara, . http:shariaeconomics.wordpress.comtagmekanisme‐pasar‐dalam‐perspektif‐ ekonomi‐islam accessed on June . Joint Scientific Symposium IJJSS 2016 Chiba, 20‐24 November 2016 108 Topic : umanities Deployment of a Digital Textbook Conforming to a Textbook YOSDA, Masami a, , TAKANO, Tsutomu b a Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan b Tokyo Shoseki Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Abstract This article argues for digital textbook dissemination in Japan. Digital textbooks project was distinguished in its range, budget, dissemination, and involvement of schools among CT education projects in Japan. n addition, it enclosed characteristics of conforming to textbooks and curriculum. The results of detailed interviews with a publisher and extensive social factors were introduced to clarify the barrier and future role of digital textbooks. Some political and technological issues were identified to improve dissemination. n addition, we have become aware of communicating with foreign agents over differences in curriculum. Keywords Digital textbook; Digital materials; Textbook publisher; nternational communication; Educational policy

1. Introduction

The teachers’ edition of digital textbooks were developed after revision of school curriculum in Japan. Digital textbooks for elementary schools, lower secondary schools, and high schools published in , , and , respectively. These digital textbooks have mediated lesson materials involving not only the content of textbooks, but also audiovisual materials and simulations. Digital textbooks were designed to facilitate the following functions Textbook Publishers Association of Japan, .  To provide easy to understand explanations  To offer textbooks through using various modalities  To improve students’ lesson involvement Subsequently, the students’ edition was introduced in . So far, we have met various mediated materials in education, but the project regarding digital textbooks was distinguished in its range, budget, dissemination, and involvement. n addition, it enclosed characteristics of conforming to textbooks and curriculum. Corresponding author. Tel.: +8 ‐ ‐ ‐ ; fax: +8 ‐ ‐ ‐ . E ‐mail address: yoshida‐mfaculty.chiba‐u.jp 109 Unfortunately, there are a limited number of international reports regarding diffusion of digital textbook in Japan, and this study summarizes current dissemination and acceptance of digital textbooks in schools. t also discusses the future of this field and possible international communication. The methods included a review of documents and interviews at a publisher to collect concrete dissemination facts.

2. Specification and Variety of Digital Materials

The production and development of digital textbooks are not independent activities of publishers. CoNETS Connecting to the next education for teachers and students is a syndication of digital textbook publishers in Japan that has coordinated specification of digital textbook. The syndication covers textbook companies among textbook publishers. Although each digital textbook has characteristic component, the system of digital textbooks is similar. Then, we selected a leading publisher to know more details. The following statements are based on the interview at Tokyo Shoseki Co., Ltd. Takano, T., . 2.1. Digital textbooks Digital textbooks in the market are categorized as the following three types. a Digital textbook, teachers’ edition  Content development: TML , Java Script  System data provision: DVD Download from a server of contracted organization e.g. a rural education office  Terminal: Computer  Measure for an infringement on copyright: Digital Rights Management DRM  Monitor: LCD or nteractive white board WB: Wired and interactive display with a server controlled as well as white board function of more than inch, million DR, installed as a standard lesson media in Japan, see Figure Figure 1. Interactive White Board  Fee: DVD . million DRtextbook one time contract, selectivity rate or download one year contract, selectivity rate . million DRtextbook  Functions: n addition to the digital view of a textbook, various tool buttons appear in the screen. The following statements are a list of familiar functions.  Display Enlarge contents Change font