Conclusion References Optimization of the Acid Catalyst Concentration for Synthesis of Anti‐Cancer Agent Gamavuton‐0 by Using Mathematical and Statistical Software
1. Introduction
Sunlight is the largest source of energy for the earth and living creatures that live thereon. Direct benefits for humans is increasing the supply of vitamin D through exposure to UVB radiation Ultraviolet B Mead, 8 . Besides the benefits, excessive sun exposure can lead to damage to the human body through a mechanism involving free radical compounds. igh levels of free radicals in the body will produce oxidative 271 stress that can cause various diseases such as skin cancer, arthritis, aging, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases Pham‐uy et al, 8 . World Health Organization WO estimates that there will be an increase in the incidence about , cases of non‐melanoma and , cases of melanoma skin cancer due to the depletion of the ozone layer WO, . Ultraviolet radiation can enter the skin through a chromophore or a particular molecule that can capture electromagnetic waves at specific wavelengths Lucas, . Sunscreen or a photoprotective agent can protect the skin from exposure to UV rays by absorbing, reflecting, as well as the spread scatter sunlight Mishra et al, . Chemical compounds contained in sunscreen are generally aromatic compounds conjugated with a carbonyl group Rai et al, . Flavonoids naturally occurring compounds that have the potential as a photoprotective agent because it has the ability to absorb UV light and can be an antioxidant agent Saewan et al, . Antioxidant compounds commonly used are vitamin E or α‐tocopherol, BA, and BT Fessenden, 8 . Antioxidant compounds also found in fruits. One type of fruit or food that can be used as an antioxidant and photoprotective agent is a red dragon fruit Hylocereus polyrhizus . Red dragon fruit ylocereus polyrhizus contains a variety of bioactive compounds such as stearic acid, oleic acid, campesterol, stigmasterol, acetic acid, betanin, isobetanin, phenolic and flavonoid Foong et al, . Several studies have been conducted to determine the antioxidant power of red dragon fruit peel. Budilaksono et al. ake non‐polar compounds from the extracts which are semi‐polar in the form of n‐hexane fraction of chloroform extract that produce C value of . mg mL. Quercetin is one of a class of flavonoids flavonoids that are semi‐polar which have higher antioxidant activity than vitamin C with a ratio of . : Sugrani et al, . Therefore, this study would like to take compounds that are semipolar from the polar extract in the form of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract. t is expected that flavonoids like quercetin can be retrieved and can be tested the antioxidant and photoprotective potency to prevent excessive exposure to ultraviolet light.2. Material and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents. Red dragon fruit Hylocereus polyrhizus was
purchased from Banyuwangi, East Java, ndonesia. Ethanol , , Citroboric reagents boric acid and citric acid , n‐butanol, Folin‐ciocalteu, Na CO , quercetin standard, Acetic acid, AlCl , NaNO , NaO, DPP by pro‐analytical grade was purchased from E‐Merck. The dry powder of red dragon fruit peel prepared using a blender Philips® , and evaporation the extract using a rotary evaporator KA® RV and water bath Memmert® . Absorbance measurements using UV‐Vis Spectrophotometer Mini Shimadzu® .2.2. Sample Preparation and Extraction. The red dragon fruit peel RDFP
Hylocereus polyrhizus separated by flesh because only the skin of the fruit is used as a sample. Thereafter, the RDFP was cut into small pieces ± mm and then dried with the help of sunlight in a state covered with black cloth. Subsequently was continued drying using the oven at a temperature of o C. The RDFP that has been dried mashed by means of a blender to obtain a dry powder of red dragon fruit peel. The dry powder of RDFP Hylocereus polyrhizus then macerated with ethanol with a ratio of material: solvent : for days with days maceration and days for second maceration at room temperature in a light‐ tight container. The extract solution is then filtered and concentrated using a rotary evaporator at o C continued with using a water bath at a temperature of o ‐ o C to obtain an ethanolic extract of RDFP Hylocereus polyrhizus RDFP‐ EtO . RDFP‐EtO was dissolved in a mixture of O‐MeO : . Furthermore, the liquid‐liquid fractionation with ethylacetate AcOEt in order to obtain ethylParts
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