Discussion of the Types of Code-mixing

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B. Discussion of the Types of Code-mixing

According to Muysken 2000, there are three types of code-mixing. The first type is called as an insertion; the researcher concluded it as code-mixing which happened between words. The second type is called as alternation; the researcher concluded it as code-mixing between clauses. Then, the last called as congruent lexicalization, this type is different because it shares grammatical structures from more than one language. In each type, the researcher also presented the finding in five videos of presidential candidate debates. 1. Insertion The first type of code-mixing is insertion. According to Musyken 2000, insertion is code-mixing where the languages may be combined within a syntactic unit that language A is dominant and language B is inserted into grammatical frame defined by language A. The researcher concludes it as code-mixing where a word in language B is inserted in language A. In this research the dominant language is Bahasa Indonesia and the inserted language is English. The researcher got the data after classifying the code-mixing utterances based on the types. For instance, in the first debate there were 17 cases of code mixing. Then the researcher divided it into three types of code-mixing; insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. Then the researcher found that in the first debate, there were 14 cases of insertion code-mixing. The researcher did the same for the rest of the videos and the number of cases would be presented in table 4.3. 33 Table 4.3 Number of Insertion Cases No. Date of Debate Theme of the Debate Number of code-mixing Number of Insertion Percentage 1 9 th of June 2014 Pembangunan Demokrasi, Pemerintahan yang Bersih, dan Kepastian Hukum Democracy Building, Clean Governance and Legal Certainty 17 14 82.3 2 15 th of June 2014 Pembangunan Ekonomi dan Kesejahteraan Sosial Development of the Economy and Social Welfare 19 14 73.68 3 22 nd of June 2014 Politik Internasional dan Ketahanan Nasional International Politics and National Security 39 29 75 4 29 th of June 2014 Pembangunan Sumber Daya Manusia dan IPTEK The Development of HumanResources, Science, and Technology 48 35 72.9 5 5 th of July 2014 Pangan, Energi, dan Lingkungan Energy, Food Security and Environment 33 27 82.8 Total 156 119 - The first debate which was conducted on the 9 th of June 2014 with theme Pembangunan Demokrasi Pemerintahan yang Bersih Dan Kepastian Hukum Democracy Building, Clean Governance, and Legal Certainty got 14 cases of insertion which means there is 82.3 case of the total code-mixing cases. Some findings can be seen from the table 4.4. 34 Table 4.4 List of Insertion on the First Debate No Utterances Types A B C 1 Tapi ia ada sebuah sistem nilai values yang perlu kita tegakkan dan yakini values tersebut akan menghantarkan kita kepada kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan untuk seluruh rakyat Indonesia .  2 Sekarang ini masyarakat berkurang trust-nya kepada institusi hukum.  3 Yang pertama adalah pencegahan, ini membangun sistem building yang baik.  The data in table 4.4 were gathered by the researcher based on the observation sheet. Furthermore, the researcher analyzed the data by identifying the types of each utterance. By referring to the Muysken‟s theory 2000 about the typology of code-mixing, it can be seen that participants inserted English words in Bahasa Indonesia grammatical structure. In all these cases, the Matrix Language ML is Bahasa Indonesia. To discover that the utterances above were made by Bahasa Indonesia as the ML, the researcher would explain some examples. First, the utterances number one see table 4.4, “ Tapi ia ada sebuah sistem nilai values yang perlu kita tegakkan dan yakini values tersebut akan menghantarkan kita kepada kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan untuk seluruh rakyat Indonesia . ” HR, 9 th of June 2014 “Nevertheless, there is a value system values that we need to run and believe which the values will deliver us to the prosperity and tranquility for all Indonesian citizens ” HR, 9 th of June 2014 There was an English noun „values‟ in this utterance which was identified as Insertion with Bahasa Indonesia as the ML. Most of the code-mixing, which happened in the debate were insertion with Bahasa Indonesia as the ML. Another example of insertion from the first debate is said by JW: 35 “Kalau ada prestasi, berikan insentif, berikan reward kepada mereka. ” JW, 9 th of June 2014 “If there are achievements, give incentives, give rewards to them.” JW, 9 th of June 2014 In the utterance above, there was an English noun „reward‟ which identified as insertion and still Bahasa Indonesia as the ML. Moreover, in the first debate there were a lot of insertions of English noun since the participants insert some English nouns in their speech. In the first debate, JW produced a more code-mixing, especially the insertion rather than the other participants. In the second debate which was conducted on the 15 th of June 2014 had theme Pembangunan Ekonomi Dan Kesejahteraan Sosial Development of the Economy and Social Welfare got only 14 cases of insertion. Then all of the insertion cases in this debate were the insertion of English noun in Bahasa Indonesia as the ML. Some findings can be found in table 4.5 below. Table 4.5 List of Insertion on the Second Debate No Utterances Types A B C 1 Membangun sistem, seperti yang sudah sering saya sampaikan pakai e-budgeting, pakai e-audit, pakai e- purchasing.  2 Tutup kebocoran, amankan kekayaan Negara, dapat uang tunai cash, uang cash tunai ini kita investasikan kesehatan dan pendidikan.  3 Inilah yang saya kira memang semua Negara melakukan itu, ada barrier.  The data from the table 4.5 was gathered from the checklist sheet of the second debate. The researcher was identified the data based on the Muysken theory 36 2000. To discover the insertion which happened in the second debate, the researcher would give an example: “ Inilah yang saya kira memang semua Negara melakukan itu, ada barrier. ” JW, 15 th of June 2014 “I think this is the thing that every Country did, there is a barrier” JW, 15 th of June 2014 From the example above, it can be seen that there is a noun „barrier‟ which is inserted in the sentence. Actually to prevent code- mixing the word „barrier‟ can be translated into Bahasa Indonesia as „hambatan‟. There are only some examples from the second debate since the total number of code-mixing in this debate is also too little. The third debate, which was conducted on 22 nd of June 2014, had theme Politik Internasional dan Ketahanan Nasional International Politics and National Security got 40 cases of insertion. In all the cases, the Matrix Language ML is still Bahasa Indonesia since the debate was conducted in Bahasa Indonesia. Some examples will be shown in table 4.6. Table 4.6 List of Insertion on Third Debate No Utterances Types A B C 1 Yang kedua, lewat moderenisasi alat-alat pertahanan termasuk didalamnya pertahanan cyber, dan pertahanan hybrid.  2 Artinya bahwa drone ini selain kita memperbaiki alutsista kita juga kita pakai untuk bukan hanya untuk pertahanan tetapi juga hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan ketahanan ekonomi kita.  3 Ini masalah trust sehingga terjadi dalam beberapa bulan yang lalu masalah penyadapan.  37 In the third debates, there are a lot of examples of insertion which are made by the participants. Then most of them are insertion of noun in the sentences. Take one example from the examples on the table. “ Ini masalah trust sehingga terjadi dalam beberapa bulan yang lalu masalah penyadapan . ” JW, 22 nd of June 2014 “The problem is trust, so that happened few months ago the tapping problem ” JW, 22 nd of June 2014 From the example above, it can be seen that the word „trust‟ is a noun which is inserted into a sentence in Bahasa Indonesia. In this example still Bahasa Indonesia is the Matrix Language of the sentence. The word „trust‟ means „kepercayaan‟ so that it is a noun insertion, not a verb insertion. The fourth debate, which was conducted on 29 th June 2014 had theme Pembangunan Sumber Daya Manusia Dan IPTEK The Development of Human Resources, Science, and Technology got 39 cases of insertion. Then the matrix language of the sentence is still Bahasa Indonesia. Some findings can be found in table 4.7. Table 4.7 List of Insertion on Fourth Debate No Utterances Types A B C 1 Oh iya, ya, memang dewasa ini ada kecenderungan sumber daya kita keluar negeri bukan hanya yang kurang skill tapi juga yang skill.  2 Sehingga aliran masuk adalah mereka yang skill dan memiliki knowledge.  3 Agar mereka productivity-nya meningkat?  The data from the table 4.7 was gathered by the researcher using the checklist sheet of the fourth debate. The researcher identified the data based on the 38 Muysken theory 2000. To discover the insertion which happened in the fourth debate, the researcher would give an example: “ Sehingga aliran masuk adalah mereka yang skill dan memiliki knowledge. ” HR, 29 th 2014 “Consequently the inflow is they who have skill and knowledge” HR, 29 th 2014 The word „skill‟ and „knowledge‟ are common in daily conversation language, but still it concludes as code-mixing when people used it. Those words are noun in English and often become an insertion in Bahasa Indonesia sentence. Even though, those words are familiar for Indonesian but still that word has meaning which is understandable in Indonesia such as „kemampuan‟ for „skill‟ and „pengetahuan‟ for „knowledge‟. The last debate which was conducted on 5 th July 2014 had theme Pangan, Energi, dan Lingkungan Energy, Food Security and Environment. The participants of the debate were H. PS and his running mate H. M. HR as the first candidate for the presidential election. Ir. H. JW and his running mate as the second candidate for the presidential election Drs. H. M. JK. This debate got 29 cases of insertion. Some findings can be found in table 4.8. Table 4.8 List of Insertion on Fifth Debate No Utterances Types A B C 1 Dan ketika dites, yang harusnya dua kali 300 megawatt, availability itu faktornya di bawah dari pada ketentuan.  2 Namun yang paling penting dari situ adalah bagaimana energi kita sustain berkelanjutan.  3 Banyak kesempatan yang bisa kita kelola, kita manage dari situ.  39 The data on the table 4.8 above were gathered by the researcher also used the checklist observation sheet. From the table above, it can be seen that there are so many nouns which is inserted in Bahasa Indonesia sentences. To discover more about it, the researcher would give one example: “Memperbaiki tata kelola pertanian dari hulu sampai hilir, ini merupakan suatu usaha besar, dan perubahan paradigma mindset kita yang tadinya agak terlalu neo liberal, sekarang kepada kerakyatan .” PS, 5th of July 2014 “Improve the agricultural governance from upstream to downstream, is a great effort, and a change of paradigm mindset that we had formerly been a little too neo liberal, today in society- based.” PS, 5th of July 2014 From the example above, it can be seen that the word „urgent‟ is inserted in the Bahasa Indonesia sentence . For Indonesian people, the word „urgent‟ is also familiar when they insert it into Indonesia language, but still it is an insertion of English which is determined as a code-mixing. 2. Alternation The second type of code-mixing according to Muysken 2000 is alternation. When insertion is dealing with how one word of one language is inserted into another language pattern. On the other hand, alternation does not only insert some words of a language into another language pattern, but also involves the grammar pattern of the language. From the first up to the last debate, there were 37 cases of alternation code-mixing. To take the data, the researcher did the same thing with the insertion code-mixing. The researcher classified the data based on the types of the code-mixing. To make it clearer, the researcher will present it on the table 4.9 below. 40 Table 4.9 Number of Alternation Cases No. Date of Debate Theme of the Debate Number of code-mixing Number of alternatio n Percentage 1 9 th of June 2014 Pembangunan Demokrasi, Pemerintahan yang Bersih, dan Kepastian Hukum Democracy Building, Clean Governance and Legal Certainty 17 3 17.6 2 15 th of June 2014 Pembangunan Ekonomi dan Kesejahteraan Sosial Development of the Economy and Social Welfare 19 5 26.3 3 22 nd of June 2014 Politik Internasional dan Ketahanan Nasional International Politics and National Security 40 10 25 4 29 th of June 2014 Pembangunan Sumber Daya Manusia dan IPTEK The Development of HumanResources, Science, and Technology 48 13 26 5 5 th of July 2014 Pangan, Energi, dan Lingkungan Energy, Food Security and Environment 35 6 17.6 Total 159 37 - From the table above, it can be seen that the cases of alternation is not as much as insertion. Researcher thought that it happened since the debate was conducted in Indonesian and they did not think to use English too much but they still inserted some common English words. The first debate which was conducted on 9 th of June 2014 had theme The first debate which was conducted on 9 th of June 2014 with theme Pembangunan Demokrasi Pemerintahan yang Bersih dan Kepastian Hukum Democracy 41 Building, Clean Governance and Legal Certainty got three cases of insertion. Some findings can be seen from the table 4.10. Table 4.10 List of Alternation on First Debate No Utterances Types A B C 1 Dan setelah itu kita harus menentukan sasaran, menentukan objektif berarti ini yang sering disebut management by objective.  2 Kemudian kita juga jangan lupa sekarang the power of public opinion.  3 Public opinion pada gilirannya para penguasa-penguasa setempat akan dipaksa oleh rakyatnya.  The data from the table above are all findings of insertion in the second debate. There are three cases of alternation code-mixing in this debate. All of the alternation cases were made by PS. According to Muysken 2000, alternation is a code-mixing where two groups of words in a different language in one sentence. Take a look at one example from the table 4.10 “Kemudian kita juga jangan lupa sekarang the power of public opinion ” PS, 9 th of June 2014 “Then we also cannot forget about the power of public opinion” PS, 9 th of June 2014 From the example above, it can be seen that the sentence started in Bahasa Indonesia and ended with the English . The phrase „the power of public opinion‟ is the alternation from Bahasa Indonesia to English. Actually, without the alternation, the participant can use the phrase form in Bahasa Indonesia „kekuatan dari opini publik‟ which has the same meaning. The second debate which was conducted on the 15th of June 2014 had theme Pembangunan Ekonomi Dan Kesejahteraan Sosial Development of the 42 Economy and Social Welfare got only two cases of alternation. The participants in this debate were only PS and JW since the debate is for the presidential candidate without their running mate. The cases have been so little since the cases of code-mixing itself also so little, only 20 case of code-mixing. The findings of alternation code mixing would be presented on the table 4.11. Table 4.11 List of Alternation on Second Debate No Utterances Types A B C 1 Makanya tadi saya katakana, strategi kami adalah strategi dorongan besar the big push strategy.  2 Double track kerta api ini penting sekali karena ini adalah angkutan yang sangat murah, selain tadi kapal.  The data which is shown above was made by PS number 1 and JW number 2. To discover more about the alternation from the second debate, the researcher would explain it in one example. “Makanya tadi saya katakana, strategi kami adalah strategi dorongan besar the big push strategy .” PS, 15 th of June 2014 “Like what I have said before that our strategy is the big push strategy, the big push strategy ” PS, 15 th of June 2014 It did not same with the first debate, in this debate there is a redundant phrase if the sentence was translated into English. Nevertheless, if it is in Bahasa Indonesia the sentence is concluded as alternation code-mixing since there is an English phrase in the sentence. The sentence originally started with Bahasa Indonesia and finished in English phrase. The third debate, which was conducted on 22 nd of June 2014, chose the theme of Politik Internasional dan Ketahanan Nasional International Politics and National Security got five cases of alternation. The participants of the debate 43 were still the candidate for president without their running mate. They were PS and JW. This debate got the highest total in alternation code-mixing. All of the findings would be presented on the table 4.12. Table 4.12 List of Alternation on Third Debate No Utterances Types A B C 1 Karena illegal fishing itu menjadi hilang. Oleh sebab itu, kedepan kita harus mempunyai sebuah, sebuah drone, sebuah pesawat tanpa awak yang kita pasang ditiga kawasan dan dengan drone ini kita bisa melihat dimana ada kekayaan maritim kita yang diambil oleh kapal-kapal yang masuk ke wilayah perairan kita.  2 Saya ingin mengedepankan the good neighbor policy politik tetangga yang baik, kita akan selalu santun sesuai dengan kepribadian bangsa Indonesia, kita selalu tenggang rasa dengan bangsa lain kita akan mengerti dan berusaha mengerti kepentingan bangsa lain tetapi kita juga akan meyakinkan bangsa lain tolonglah mengeri kesulitan Indonesia, tolonglah mengerti kepentingan Indonesia.  3 Jadi, ini adalah illegal human traffic ini bukan tenaga kerja yang disiapkan.  4 Jadi, kalau menurut saya nanti kewajiban kita untuk yakinkan kawan-kawan kita di Australi bahwa we want to be good neighbors.  5 Saya kira begitu tapi tentunya kita juga harus tegas dalam mempertahankan core National interest kita, kepentingan nasional inti kita.  The data which is shown above was made by PS in the second debate. He alternate from Bahasa Indonesia to English and sometimes back to Bahasa Indonesia. The clearest example of alternation can be seen from the example number four on the table 4.12. “Jadi, kalau menurut saya nanti kewajiban kita untuk yakinkan kawan-kawan kita di Australi bahwa we want to be good neighbors. ” PS, 15 th of June 2014 “Therefore, in my opinion later we must convince our friends in Australia that we want to be good neighbors ” PS, 15 th on June 2014 From the example above, it can be seen that Prabowo alternate the language of Bahasa Indonesia to English class. It started with Bahasa Indonesia and finished 44 in English. From the example it can also be seen that the clause with English grammatical pattern stands in one sentence which is started with Bahasa Indonesia . Therefore, there were two clauses which come from two different languages which indicated the alternation code-mixing. The fourth debate, which was conducted on 29 th June 2014 had theme Pembangunan Sumber Daya Manusia dan IPTEK The Development of Human Resources, Science and Technology got three cases of alternation. The participants of the debate were the candidate of vice president. They were HR and JK. Although the cases of code-mixing in this debate got the highest point, but the alternation cases only got three cases of alternation. The findings can be found in the table 4.13 below. Table 4.13 List of Alternation on Fourth Debate No Utterances Types A B C 1 Khusus masalah banjirnya impor maka pemerintah menurut saya harus dan Prabowo-Hatta betul-betul apabila diberikan mandat oleh rakyat, maka kita sungguh ingin mengedepankan seluruh sumber daya alam kita harus kita kelola based on value added.  2 Atau kita tidak menjaga kekayaan alam kita yang dicuri, maka kita mengalami potential loss.  3 Atau misalkan, kita menjual gas ataupun batu bara yang harga market-nya terlalu murah, dan kita tidak bisa melakukan re-negosiasi karena itu, maka ini adalah potential loss.  All of the examples above were made by HR and it can be seen that he alternate from Bahasa Indonesia to English. He started his sentences with Bahasa Indonesia as the matrix language and finished the sentence using English. To 45 discover more about the alternation from the example, the researcher would present it below. “Khusus masalah banjirnya impor maka pemerintah menurut saya harus dan Prabowo-Hatta betul-betul apabila diberikan mandat oleh rakyat, maka kita sungguh ingin mengedepankan seluruh sumber daya alam kita harus kita kelola based on value added .” HR, 29 th of June 2014 “Especially the problem of too much import, so the government, in my opinion must and Prabowo-Hatta really, if the public gives us the order, so, we really want to put forward all of our natural resources which we need to manage based on value added ”HR, 29 th of June 2014 It can be seen from the example above that HR alternated the language from Bahasa Indonesia to English. He put the noun phrase „based on value added‟ in the last part of the sentence. The last debate which was conducted on 5 th July 2014 had theme Pangan, Energi, dna Lingkungan Energy, Food Security and Environment. The participants of the debate were H. PS and his running mate H. M. HR as the first candidate for presidential election. Ir. H. JW and his running mate as the second candidate of presidential election Drs. H. M. JK. This debate got 3 cases of alternation. The all cases would be presented on the table 4.14 below. Table 4.14 list of Alternation on Fifth Debate No Utterances Types A B C 1 Yang kedua, penting bagi kita untuk mengembangkan sumur-sumur yang tua dengan teknologi enhance oil recovery.  2 Tahun 2015 akan berakhir Millenium Development Goals dan akan masuk sustainable development.  3 Tadi saya sampaikan di Papua ada kegagalan membuat field rice.  46 All of the examples from the table above were made by PS and his running mate HR. To discover more about the alternation, the researcher would describe more about the example number two on the table 4.14. “Tahun 2015 akan berakhir Millenium Development Goals dan akan masuk sustainable development. ” HR, 15 th of July 2014 “In 2015 the Millenium Development Goals will end and we will enter to sustainable development ” HR, 15 th of July 2014 The focus of this sentence is the phrase „sustainable development‟ which is indicated that there is an alternation in the sentence. Unfortunately, the sentence itself has not completed yet. It is not really clear what kind of „sustainable development‟ itself. Nevertheless, it is still concluded as alternation code-mixing since the utterance started with Bahasa Indonesia and finished with English. Thus, there is a complete code-switching between 2 languages in one sentence called as a code-mixing. 47

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATION