One of the marine conservation areas functions are as protection areas of habitat and species of fish.
Thus, MPA is expected to serve as the bank fishery resources that can support the improvement and sustainability of public revenues,
especially fishermen.
2.3.3 Multiple Uses Zone
Marine conservation areas must have a zoning plan which is set in a simple way, so easier to be understood and adhered by the community. Multiple-use
zoning is a management model of conservation area by placing some zones that are not only using the approach to resource conservation but also for the
sustainable use such as marine tourism and fisheries. Multi-use zoning approach not only gives high protection to specific areas but also provide opportunities to
undertake the utilization activities with a manner and location which regulated. Multiple-use zoning on the Great Barrier Reef of Australia has proven
capable to handling the utilization conflicts of marine areas, nevertheless some of the zoning allows for enhanced Day 2002. Zoning of conservation area is a form
of space utilization engineering through the boundaries establishment of functional that accordance with resource potential and carrying capacity and
ecological processes that take place as a whole ecosystem PP No. 602007. MCA zoning may consist of four zones, specifically: 1 Core Zone, 2
Sustainable Fishery Zone, 3 Limited Use Zone, and 4 Other Zone. First, the Core Zone is an area for security purposes of resources, fishing activities and
activities of collection the other marine resources including anchoring that absolutely not permitted, protection a unique andor susceptible coastal ecosystem
to change and protection of culturaltraditional sites. At the core zone, are not all people to free out into the zone, except for research or education purposes
moreover must have administrator permission. Second, the Sustainable Fisheries Zone is a zone that surrounds the core zone, intended for the protection of habitat
where fishing activities are allowed in this zone, including environmentally friendly fishing, environmentally friendly mariculture, marine tourism, research
and education. Next, the Limited Use Zone is a zone that is destined for marine tourism and recreation activities, protection of fish habitats and populations,
research and development and education. Last, the Others Zone is the zone
outside of the core zone, sustainable fisheries and the limited use zone because of its function and condition set as a particular zone, such as rehabilitation zones,
protection zones, boat moorings zone, etc DKP 2008; Supriharyono 2007; Tulungan et al. 2003; PP No. 602007, Permen KP No. 22009.
Basically the MCA will attract fish from a nearby area as a feeding and breeding ground. Juveniles are carried by currents, then, stay in the core
zone. Over time, the juvenile began to growing so that the number of fish that live in the core zone becomes increasingly dense. This resulted in fish that blooming
in the territory of MCA began to swim and settle around the bufferfisheries utilization zone and outside of conservation area, which eventually will be caught
by fishermen Tulungan et al. 2003.Fishermen can continue fishing in the region outside the core zone or outside the conservation area due to a consistent supply
of fish from the MPA. Thus, MPA is a fish banks that help to increasing the number of fish in the surrounding waters.
Table 1 Here are examples of existing zoning
and the activity on the Great Barrier Reef Australia. Zones and activities on the Great Barrier Reef Australi
Activities Guide
a
Zone
G en
er a
l U se
H ab
itat P
rot ec
ti on
C on
se rvat
ion Par
k B
u ffe
r S
ci en
ti fi
c R
es ea
rc h
M ar
in e
N at
ion al
P ar
k
P re
se rva
ti on
E st
u a
ri n
e C
on se
rvat ion
Aquaculture Bait netting
Boating, diving, photography Crabbing trapping
Harvest fishing for aquarium fish, coral and beachworm
Harvest fishing for sea cucumber, truchus, tropical rock lobster
Limited collecting Limited Spear fishing snorkeling
only Line fishing
Netting other than bait netting Research other than limited impact
research Shipping other than in a designated
shipping area Tourism programs
Traditional use of marine resources Trawling
Trolling Permit
√ √
√ Permit
Permit √
√ √
√ Permit
√ Permit
√ √
√ Permit
√ √
√ Permit
Permit √
√ √
√ Permit
Permit Permit
√ X
√ Permit
√ √
√ Permit
X √
√ √
X Permit
Permit Permit
√ X
√ X
X √
X X
X X
X X
X Permit
Permit Permit
√ X
√ X
X √
X X
X X
X X
X Permit
Permit Permit
√ X
X X
X √
X X
X X
X X
X Permit
Permit Permit
√ X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X Permit
√ X
X X
X Permit
√ √
√ X
X √
√ √
√ Permit
Permit Permit
√ X
√
Source: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
a. Core Zone Criteria of each zone in Marine Conservation Area are as follows DKP
2008, PP No. 602007; DEPHUT 2006, Permen KP No. 22009:
• Has a high level of diversity or density of resources; • Spawning ground, nesting sites, nursery ground, feeding ground of fish
andor other aquatic biota; • Have a natural conditions, both biotic and physical are origin and nor human
interference; • Coastal and small islands ecosystem that are relatively intact and
undisturbed; • Coastal and small islands ecosystem are unique and vulnerable to change;
• Having a sufficient extent and specific form that is adequate to ensure the survival of certain species to support the management effectively and
guarantee the natural ecological processes; b.
Sustainable Fisheries Zone • Having ecosystems andor a diversity that capable to supporting the
preservation of the core zone and the utilization zone; • There is the potential and conditions of certain biological resources that
have been traditionally exploited by local communities local in order to meet the life needs;
• In these waters there is the potential and conditions of certain biological resources that have been exploited through collecting, breeding,
multiplication and enlargement by the local community to meet the life needs and prosperity increased.
c. Limited Use Zone • Having ecosystems of andor a diversity that capable to supporting the
preservation of the core zones and sustainable fisheries zone; • Has a natural attraction such as plants, animals or the formation of certain
ecosystems and geological formations that beautiful and unique; • Having a sufficient extent to ensure the sustainability and attractiveness of
pot ential to be exploited for tourism and natural recreation;
d. • Environmental conditions that support the use of environmental services,
development of nature tourism, research and education; Other Zones
• Having ecosystem that capable to supporting the preservation of the core zone, sustainable fisheries and restricted use zones;
• Having a sufficient extent to ensure the sustainability of marine resources; • Environmental conditions that supporting the use of environmental services,
such as the designation of portmooring boats, rehabilitation and protection;
2.4 Mariculture
Pasi Island community is pushing for a step and floating net cages activities for aquaculture sector of management areas. Step and floating net cages business
development that conducted by the community during is known that they are only guided by the experience of their colleagues and based on the information
acquired. Selection of suitable site is an important factor in determining the feasibility
of cultivation, for the successful of cultivation. Some of the considerations that need to be considered in determining the location are a technical condition which
consists of physical, chemical and biological parameters, also non-technical such as market share, security and human resources. One of the mistaken in the
development of cultivation is not suitable aquatic environment. The fact, when determining the location for development of aquaculture is more based on feeling
or trial and error, whereas the data or information about the site suitability is necessary for the coastal utilization. This issue can lead to the utilization of space
in these zones to be inappropriate. Site selection is the first step to determining sustainable aquaculture
activities. In general, the errors in the development of marine aquaculture activities are caused by lack of knowledge about the marine environment. In this
case is the water quality that has an important role in aquaculture site selection. Identify the land suitability that accordance with its allocation, thus avoid
the conflict of interest, also selection accuracy of marine aquaculture location can be used as an early indicator of the cultivation success which will be applied.
2.5 Marine Tourism
Potential environmental services located in small islands such as tourism and marine transportation is a potential that has the prospect of a very large and
can support the increased income of local communities and local government. Characteristics that exist on small islands such as the diversity and uniqueness is
the main attraction for tourism sector. Tourism is a form of natural resource uses that rely on nature for human satisfaction.
The resources and environment in small island to maintain its sustainability, it can be applied to the concept of ecotourism. Ecotourism was first introduced in
1990 by the organization of The Ecotourism Society, by way conserving the environment and maintain the welfare of local communities Lingberg
Hawkins, 1993 in Yulianda 2007. Ecotourism that environment oriented that bridge the interests of natural
resources protection and tourism industry can be developed in coastal areas by develop a marine ecotourism concept. Marine ecotourism is a tourism concept that
exploiting the characteristics of coastal and marine resources including human resources that can be integrated into an integrated component in steady tour.
2.6 Geographical Information System for Coastal Areas
Geographic Information System GIS as spatial-based digital information systems has evolved into a decision support system. GIS technology has been
used by the Regency government to review regional approaches including coastal areas. GIS development technology is designed to easier use, so that this
technology has reached the Regency in Indonesia. Geographic Information System can be applied to the preparation of spatially based models, including the
preparation of Regency coastal management model. Geographic Information System GIS is a spatial-based information system
and is a tool that connects attributes among the database and digital maps Mennecke 2000. In further developments, GIS serves as a decision support
system that includes integrating spatial data to solve the environmental problems. Based on some of the definitions above, GIS can be defined more completed as a
computer system that serves as a database and have the analytical skills to produce any information that is spatial and can be used as decision support.
