economic value lives on seagrass ecosystems, such as Siganus spp, Lethrinus spp, Lutjanus spp, Epinephelus spp, etc. Tomascik et al. 1997.
One of the main functions of seagrass beds is as a refuge or a terminable place of juveniles and adults, many of which are animals that have significant
commercial and recreational value Arifin 2001. Seagrass is the type of plants that has high biological productivity. Ecologically, these angiosperm marine
plants has benefits as a food source for invertebrates and vertebrates, sea cucumbers, fish Acanthuridae and Scaridae, turtles, ducks, geese. Kennish
1990 reported that seagrasses are associated with algae in Texas Cape became the primary nutrient source for shrimp and fish. There are more than 340 animals
consume seagrass in the area. At least, there are invertebrates species that eat the leaves of seagrasses directly, the rest of it falls to the bottom became a source of
detritus. The highly number of invertebrates and fish in seagrass areas due those biota using seagrass beds as breeding, foraging and breeding places Kennish
1990.
2.2.3 Mangroves Ecosystem
Mangrove ecosystem is a system in place of the natural life that reflects the reciprocal relationship between organisms with their environment and among
organisms themselves, there is in coastal areas, affected by tides, and dominated by typical tree species or shrub and can grow in salted waterbrackish Santoso
2000. Mangrove ecosystem has significance due the ecological functions that can
be viewed in terms of physics, chemistry and biology. Ecological functions in terms of physical aspects are 1 occurrence mechanism of the relationship
between the components of mangrove ecosystems and the relationship among mangrove ecosystem with other ecosystems such as seagrass beds and coral reefs;
2 mangrove has the ability as wave damper, mud holder, and protector of coastal from erosion, tidal waves and hurricanes by an extensive root system, strong and
sturdy; and 3 mangrove which growing in estuaries or wetlands can also serve to reduce flooding. The three of that function will be disappear with the demise of
the mangrove forests through logging, transfer function or because of degradation.
Biologically aspects of mangroves are essential to maintain the stability of productivity and availability of coastal biological resources. This is considering
that mangroves has an important role as nursery ground and spawning ground for some biota such as shrimp, fish and shellfish. Mangrove ecosystems serve as well
as shelter, feeding ground, rearing ground, spawning ground of the organisms that living in seagrass beds or coral reefs.
In addition, this ecosystem is likewise as home to the migration or roam place of waters organisms from forests to seagrass beds and mangroves then to
coral reefs or in reverse. Ecological and economic functions of mangrove forests are Santoso Arifin 1998:
a. Ecological function: • shoreline protection from abrasion;
• accelerate the expansion of the beach through precipitation; • prevent sea water intrusion into the mainland;
• spawning ground of various marine life; • shelter and breeding ground of various birds, mammals, reptiles, and
insects; • A regulator of the micro climate.
b. Economic functions: • producers of household needs firewood, charcoal, building materials,
foodstuff, medicine; • producing industrial purposes row materials of paper, textiles, cosmetics,
leather tanning, dyes; • producing the larva, fry of shrimp, crabs, shellfish, honey, and eggs of birds;
• As tourism, research, and education. Mangrove land conversion into pond area and fulfillment of firewood needs,
building materials are a cause of mangroves damage in coastal areas. Besides that, the clearing of mangrove land for settlement areas have been a factor of mangrove
destruction.
2.3 Marine Conservation Area
A comprehensive management design is necessary in order to overcome degradation of marine resources in Indonesia. The design is expected to integrate
the management of some existing policies in order to accommodate the community needs. This management design is setting aside of locations that have
the potential of diversity of plants and animals, natural phenomena and uniqueness, as well as ecosystems become a marine conservation area MPA.
Base on the definition, Marine Conservation Area is an intertidal or sub- tidal area, including the associated biota within, cultural and historical values,
which is protected by law or other regulations intended to protect some or overall of the environment.
Local marine conservation area is a marine conservation area under the region government’s authority, established by local and managed by the regions
that set from planning, establishing, managing and monitoring and evaluation DKP 2003. RMPA represents a new paradigm in the management of marine
resources that being promoted nationally, although the national conservation areas that already exist. As stipulated within Act No. 51990 concerning the
Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems for the national conservation area, further, the determination of water conservation areas are also regulated in
Act no. 312004 and Act No. 27 of 2007. The legal basis for RMPA stipulated in Act No. 322004 on Regional Government. Article 18 of this Law is describes one
of the regional authority in the territorial sea is the exploitation and conservation of natural resources in their region.
2.3.1 Evolution of Marine Conservation Area
As a follow-up of Act No. 312004 on Fisheries, and Act No. 272007 about Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands, and the Government Regulation
No. 602007 on Conservation of Fishes Resources, Authority of Nature Reserve Management and the Natural Conservation Area, the Marine and Fisheries
Department and the Forestry Department entered into alignment and an agreement to submit the management of eight nature reserves and nature conservation from
the Ministry of Forestry, cq. Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation to the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries.
Transfer of KSA and KPA include 8 eight locations, they are: 1 Area of Banda Sea aquatic region of 2500 hectares, 2 most of the Southeast and the
surrounding sea of Aru Islands covering 114 000 ha of Maluku, 3 Area of Raja
Ampat Island Waters area in Papua and surrounding sea of 60 000 ha, 4 Gili Ayer Islands, Gili Meno, and Gili Trawangan in NTB with an area of 2954
hectares, 5 Kapoposan Islands and surrounding sea of 50 000 hectares, 6 along Padaido Islands surrounding waters covering 183 000 ha, 7 Long Island in Irian
Jaya, covering 271 630 hectares, and 8 Pieh Island in West Sumatra and surrounding waters covering 39 900 hectares.
Beforehand, cooperation between the Marine and Fisheries Department and the Forestry Department in the conservation sector has been initiated since 2003
by mutual agreement between the Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, Ministry of Forestry to the Director General of the Marine,
Coastal and Small Islands, Ministry regarding the implementation of activities in the 6 six national parks, which include strengthening of national parks zoning
system activities, strengthening of research and development, biological natural resources, strengthening of socio-economic communities surrounding national
parks, development of marine tourism, human resource development, development of information and promotion and monitoring capacity of the area.
In addition, the development cooperation likewise carried out in the program of rehabilitation and management of coral reefs COREMAP II.
Act No. 312004 about the fishery; it is the governments duty to use the ecosystem approach obviously through a Marine Conservation Area MCA as a
fisheries management tool. This can be seen at Article 7 paragraph 1 point q concerning asylum fisheries and Article 13 paragraph 1 of the conservation of
fishery resources. The government is completing a Government Regulation which governs the conservation of fishery resources in Indonesia currently. Department
of Marine has been to anticipate the fisheries policy to MCA with the formation of the Directorate of Conservation and Marine National Park, under the Directorate
General KP3K. Indeed, General Directorate of Fisheries added one of the structure, namely Loka Pemacu Stok that is expected works to restore the stock of
fisheries resources.
2.3.2 Functions and Role of Marine Conservation Area
The coastal and marine conservation regions has a major role as follows: 1 protect biodiversity and the structure, function and integrity of the ecosystem, 2
