• Spelled with a plain consonant but often pronounced with a tense consonant ⻚㓺
[ㄦ㝆] ⺆㰖
[ヒ㹢] 㨒
[㱞] ┼㞚㣪
[➈㞚㣪] 㧮⪎㠊
[㰺⪎㠊] 㑯ⰻ
[㚻ⰻ] • Loan words spelled one way but often pronounced differently
㓺㤾䎆 [㎎䌖]
䖂䕆 [ズ㝆]
⩆┳㎪䁶 [⋲┳ῂ]
ぢ⧮㰖㠊 [ぢ⧒㧦]
• Usually spelled without an extra ඥ, but often pronounced with one 㞚䝚┺₆㠦
[㞚䝚┺₎⧮] 㫡㞚 ⽊㧊₆㠦 [㫡㞚 ⽊㧊₎⧮]
㧊Ệ⪲ [㧊 Ỏ⪲]
Ṗ⩺┺Ṗ [Ṟ⩺┺Ṗ or Ṟ⧮┺Ṗ]
Ṗ⩺Ⳋ [Ṟ⩺Ⳋ or Ṟ⧮Ⳋ]
⽊⩺⓪◆ [⽒⩺⓪◆ or ⽒⧮⓪◆]
ⲏ㦒⩺ἶ [ⲏ㦚⩺ἶ or ⲏ㦚⧒ἶ]
㧦⯊⩺ἶ [㰺⯒⩺ἶ or 㰺⯒⧒ἶ]
䞮⩺ἶ 䟊☚ [䞶⩺ἶ 䟊☚ or 䞶⧒ἶ 䟊☚]
‘Phonetic spelling’ is sometimes employed for expressions that are used exclu- sively in speaking. One such form is -▪⧒ῂ㣪, which is usually written with a
ῂ to reflect its pronunciation even though it is really the suffix -ἶ. Another form that is rarely used in writing is ⾯┺. In fact, the correct spelling for its -㣪
form is not clear even to many native speakers is it ⾞㠊㣪, ⾞㣪, or ⾞㤢㣪?. The official spelling is supposedly ⾞㠊㣪, which is what we use in this book.
Why can’t we just write words the way we say them – ✲⩓┺ instead of ▪⩓┺ ‘be dirty,’ ↂⰺ┺ instead of ≆ⰺ┺ ‘sew,’ and so on? You can if there
is no danger of anyone judging you by how you spell things. In fact, ‘phonetic spelling’ is very common these days in personal notes and e-mail. However, it
would be a mistake to write things in this way in important documents such as your résumé Spelling is often considered to be an important indicator of whether
someone is well educated or not.
Selected glossary
㑯ⰻ foolish person 㨒 jam
⺆㰖 badge ⽊㧦₆ wrapping cloth
㺓䞒䞮┺ be embarrassed ✺⯊┺ stop by
㧧Ṗ author ℒ⌊┺ take something out ☚Ⰲ㠊 on the contrary
㎇㰞 disposition; temper 䞲 䕢⓪ ㌂㧊 while distracted
Vocabulary
9 Native and borrowed words
About 35 percent of Korean vocabulary is native 고유어 and about 60 percent can be traced to Chinese 한자어. For the most part, these Sino-Korean words
were borrowed prior to 1945 and are now perceived to be fully ‘Korean.’
In recent years, Korean has been borrowing heavily from western languages, especially English, in fields such as advertising, entertainment, sports, business
management, and engineering. Prior to 1945, western loan words 외래어 entered Korean indirectly via Japanese.
9.1 Native Korean and Sino-Korean words
It is not unusual to find native Korean and Sino-Korean words with similar or overlapping meanings. When this happens, the native Korean word tends to be
more colloquial, while the Sino-Korean word is usually more formal and literary e.g., 엄마아버지 versus the formal and impersonal 모친부친. Occasionally,
the Sino-Korean words take on a more specialized and narrower meaning – 손위 ‘someone older’ and 손아래 ‘someone younger’ versus 연상 年上 ‘older
girlfriendwife and 연하 年下 ‘younger boyfriendhusband.’
The majority of the vocabulary used in written materials such as newspapers, magazines, documents, and books is of Sino-Korean origin. The same is true of
news broadcasts, lectures, and ceremonies, as well as just about any conversation on a topic that goes beyond ordinary daily life.
Take for example the verbs 다 and 돌아가시다, both of which mean ‘die.’
The latter is an honorific verb; see 2.1.3. Although both words are common in personal conversation, neither would ever be used in a news broadcast or in
formal writing. Such situations call for a Sino-Korean verb such as 사망하다 or the more indirect 승천하다, 작고하다, 타계하다, 별세하다, 유명을 달리하다,
or 세상을 하
하다. Native but euphemistic expressions such as 숨을 잃다 or 숨지다 may also be used.
The verbs
주다 and 드리다 work the same way. Both mean ‘give,’ with the
latter being used to show deference to the referent of the indirect object; see 2.2.
Although these verbs are common in ordinary conversation, other situations require Sino-Korean expressions.
나는 형에게 토지 소유권을 양도했다. I deeded my land title to my older brother.
그는 고아원에 백만원을 기부했다. He
donated
툭
1,000,000 to an orphanage. 교장 선생님이 생들에게 우등상장을 수여했다.
The principal awarded students certificates of excellence. 대통령이 장병들에게 위문품을 하사했다.
The President gave care packages to soldiers. 화장품 회사가 손님에게 기념품을 증정했다.
The cosmetic company presented customers with souvenirs. A prescription drug may be accompanied by written Sino-Korean instructions
that say 1 일 3 회 후
용. But this would sound strange in the spoken language, where you would say 하루에 세번 밥 먹고 나서 먹어 or, more
formally, 하루에 세번 사 하신 후에 드세요. A mother will say to her child,
단 걸 너무 많이 먹으면… ‘If you eat too much sweet stuff…,’ but a medical doctor will convey the same thought to hisher patient as 당분을 과도하게
섭취하면…
Here are further examples of the native versus Sino-Korean contrast. Nouns and noun phrases:
Native Sino-Korean Meaning
맨날 매일
every day 더운물
찬물 온수
냉수 hot water
cold water 키
신장 height
무게 몸무게
중량 체중
weight body weight
옷 의상, 의
clothing 이, 이빨
치아 teeth
돈 남은 돈
자금, 금전 잔 , 잔금, 잔고
money, fund balance money
딸 아들
장녀 장남
eldest daughter eldest son
둘째딸 둘째아들
차녀 차남
second eldest daughter second eldest son
사람 인간
human being 나이
연령 age
자리 좌
seat
잠 깊은 잠
수면 면
sleep sound sleep
새해 신년
new year 지난 해
올 해 다음 해
작년 금년
내년 last year
this year next year
보내는 사람 받는 사람
발신인 수신인
sender recipient
나가는 곳 들어가는 곳
출구 입구
exit entrance
손님 고객
customer 남 or 다른 사람
타인 others
아이 어른
아동 성인
child adult
은 사람 사망자, 고인
the dead 다친 사람
부상자 the wounded
믿음 신뢰
faith 몸
신체 body
지은이 저자
author 땅
토지 land
NOTE: 이빨 is familiarcasual; 인간 may be used derogatorily 어휴, 저 인간. Verbs and verb phrases:
Native Sino-Korean Meaning
값이 떨어지다 값이 내리다
가격이 하 하다
가격이 인하되다 price to fall
값이 오르다 기온이 오르다
가격이 인상되다 기온이 상승하다
price to increase temperature to rise
값이 싸다 가격이 저렴하다
to be cheap 인구가 늘다
실력이 늘다 인구가 증가하다
실력이 향상하다 population to increase
ability to improve 줄다
감소하다 to decrease
들키다 발 되다, 발되다
to be detectedcaught
숨쉬다 호흡하다
to breathe 때리다
구타하다 to beat
말하다 언 하다
to mention 모으다
수집하다 to collect
물건을 사다 구입하다, 구매하다
to buypurchase 이기다
승리하다 to wingain a victory
장에서 자르다 장에서 잘리다
해고하다 해고당하다
to dismiss to be fired
자리에 앉다 하다
to be seated 모자라다
부 하다 to be insufficientshort
없애다 제거하다
to get rid of 빼다
제외하다 to exclude
신문에 나다실리다 게재되다
to appear in the press 전기가물이 끊기다
소 이 끊기다
단전단수되다 소
이 단절되다 powerwater to be cut off
news to be cut off 차 배, 비 기에 타다
승차 승선, 탑승하다 to get in a car ship, plane
차에서 내리다 하차하다
to get out of a vehicle 물에 빠져 다
익사하다 to be drowned
다시 생 하다 재고하다
to reconsider 돈을 바꾸다
환전하다 to exchange money
돌려 주다 반환하다
to return 길을 넓히다
도로를 장하다 to expand a road
다리를 놓다 교량을 건설하다
to construct a bridge 뿌리뽑다
근절하다 to eradicate
시간이 걸리다 걸리는 시간
시간이 소요되다 소요시간
to take time duration of a trip
스키를 빌려 주다 대여하다
to rent skis 사람이 짜다
인색하다 to be stingy
헷갈리다 혼동되다
to be confusedconfusing 보태다
추가하다 to addsupplement
9.2 Loan words
Western loan words often end up contrasting with already existing native Korean andor Sino-Korean words with similar meanings. When this happens, the loan
words are generally associated with a more modern version of the concept.
Native Korean Sino-Korean
Loan words 춤
무용 댄스 dance
가게 상점
마트 store, mart 빵집
제과점 베이커리
bakery 술집
주점 빠, 클럽
drinking bar NOTE: 빵 is a borrowing from Portuguese, but since it has been in the language
for so long, it is considered native Korean. In some cases, loan words are used to denote things for which there is no Korean
word – 껌, 커피, 버스, 잼, 택시 are examples of this. In other cases, Korean words may be pushed aside by their borrowed equivalents – 사진기 by 카메라,
사증 by 비자, 포도주 by 와인, 정구 by 테니스, and so on.
Unless they have become fully Koreanized, foreign expressions tend to be more casual and colloquial. 파킹 ‘parking’ and 컨셉 ‘concept’ may be common
among younger people when speaking casually, but they are to be avoided in formal writing and speech.
The following samples show just how freely fashion magazines use loan words these days.
떠나자, 1 2 일 호텔 뷰티 여
. 최근 내 시선을 사로잡은 것은 웨스턴
조선의 홈스파 앤 푸드 패키지. 해외 리조트의 고 스파에서 사용하는 제품으로 홈스파도 즐기고 맛있는 음 도 먹는데다 피트니스 클럽에서
운동처방도 받고 스트레칭, 필라테스 등의 웰빙 클래스도 수강할 있는 짧은 웰빙 여 이다.
Let’s go for an overnight hotel beauty trip. What caught my eye recently is the ‘Home Spa and Food’ package from the Western Chos
ŏn. It’s a short ‘well-being’ trip where you can enjoy the home spa using high-quality products that are used in
overseas resort areas and enjoy delicious food. Furthermore, you can also get advice on your exercise plan from the fitness club and take ‘well-being’ classes such
as stretching or pilates.
새롭게 오픈한 일 퓨전 레스토랑은 수준 의 음 맛만큼이나 인테리어
시 고 스러워 트렌드 세터들까지 자주 찾을 만큼 벌써
입소문이 났다. The newly opened Japanese fusion restaurant has an interior as great as its
excellent-tasting food. So, it has already become well-known through word of mouth, attracting even the trend setters.