• Desirable situation: only ₢㰖 is natural
㥶㠪 ㌂ⶊ㽳㧻₢㰖 㰖⌊㔶 䤢⯃䞲 㧊㎎㣪. He’s a great man who even served as the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
5 䃦⩕㰲Ⰲ ┺㧊㞚₢㰖 㞮╖㣪. She even received a five-carat diamond ring.
⁎ ⋾㧦⓪ ⴑ 䞮⓪ Ợ 㠜㠊, 㕂㰖㠊 㣪Ⰲ₢㰖☚. There’s nothing he cannot do well, including even cooking.
19.16 -㧊⋮
• The best of the remaining choices not used with past tense
ニ㧊⋮ ⲏ㰖 ⶮ 㦚 䟊㣪? Why don’t we just eat bread; what are you making rice for?
㺎ἂⰦἶ Ỏ⩞㰞㧊⋮ 䞮㔲㰖. Why don’t you stop butting in and just do the mopping?
㧶☚ 㞞 㡺ἶ 㞶㧎☚ 㠜ἶ ゾ⧮⋮ 䞮㧦. I can’t sleep, nor do I have a girlfriend, so let me just do the laundry.
㧊⻞ ╂㠦⓪ 㫖 䧮✺ἶ ┺㦢 ╂㠦⋮ ♶ Ệ ṯ㦖◆㣪. It won’t be ready this month; it will have to be next month, I’m afraid.
㟮₆⓪ ⋮㭧㠦 䞮ἶ ゾⰂ ⲏ₆⋮ 䟊. You can talk later, so go ahead and just focus on eating.
• Emphasis on quantities that are more than expected
㎇㑮₆⧒ ⁎⩆㰖 㢫⽋ 䟃Ὃ⬢Ṗ 㻲 㧊⋮ 䞮⓪ Ệ 㧞㬶. Perhaps because it’s high season, the round trip airfare is as high as 1,000.
ⰻ㭒⯒ 㧦⁎Ⱎ䂮 㧒 ⼧㧊⋮ Ⱎ㎾㠊㣪 I drank as many as seven bottles of beer
-㝿㧊⋮G expresses even stronger emphasis on something that is more than expected.
⍺? 㻲 㝿㧊⋮ 䟊㣪? ⁎⩝Ợ ゚㕎㣪? What? A thousand dollars? That expensive?
㧒 ⼧㝿㧊⋮ Ⱎ㎾㦒┞ 䞚⯚㧊 ⊠₎ 㑮㠦. No wonder you were totally wasted, having drunk
SEVEN
bottles. It can also be used casually for unexpected things that don’t involve quantity.
⁎⌻ 㢖☚ ♮⓪◆ ⶮ ㍶ⶒ㝿㧊⋮… You didn’t have to bring anything; what’s this gift for?
㞚ⶊỆ⋮ 㔲䋺㰖 ⶮ Ṟ゚㝿㧊⋮… Anything should be fine; you don’t have to order the expensive Kalbi.
ⶊ㓾 㭧⼧㧊 Ỏ⪎┺ἶ ⼧ⶎ㞞㝿㧊⋮… What is this visit to check on her health for, as if she has some serious illness?
•
A
pproximation of quantity in questions ⁎⩆ Ṗ 㠒Ⱎ⋮ 䟊㣪?
How much is a bag like that? 䞯㌳㧊 ⳝ ⳛ㧊⋮ ♒㣪?
How many students are there? •
For indefinite pronouns see 3.2.5 ῂ⋮, 㠎㩲⋮, 㞚ⶊ⋮, 㞚ⶊỆ⋮
• ‘Either…or’ See 21.1.3 for the conjunctive version -㦒⋮.
䌲ῢ☚⋮ 䞿₆☚⯒ ⺆㤢 ⽦⧒. Try to learn either taekwondo or hapkido.
㰧㧊⋮ ㌂ⶊ㔺⪲ 㡆⧓ 㭒㎎㣪. Give me a call at home or at my office
. 㧊Ệ⋮ ⁎Ệ⋮ ⡧ṯ㞶.
Either this or that; they are much the same. NOTE: ‘Either… or’ can be expressed by the word ⡦⓪ in formal language.
Ὁ㠦 ➆⧒ ⡦⓪ ゚Ṗ 㡺Ỷ㔋┞┺. Depending on the area, it will either snow or rain.
㔲㧻 ⡦⓪ ⺇䢪㩦㠦㍲ ῂ㧛䞶 㑮 㧞㔋┞┺. It can be purchased either at a market or at a department store.
19.17 Miscellaneous other particles
•
-㝿 ‘each; respectively; apiece’
⋶Ⱎ┺ 8 㔲Ṛ㝿 㧒䞿┞┺. I work eight hours each day.
䞲 ㌂⧢ 㞴㠦 ㎎ 㧻㝿 ⋮⑶ ✲⩺. Give out three sheets for each person.
㩚䢪⻞䢎⓪ 䞲 㧦Ⰲ㝿 㧓⓪┺. Phone numbers are read digit by digit.
䗮㠦㍲⓪ 䞲 ⻞㠦 㫆⁞㝿 It’s good to bring and eat a small amount
Ṗ㪎┺ ⲏ⓪ Ợ 㫡㞚.
each time when you dine at a buffet. •
-Ⱎ┺ ‘each; every’
㰧㰧Ⱎ┺ 㠦㠊䄾㧊 ┺ 㧞┺. Each house has an air conditioner.
┺㎅ 㔲ṚⰞ┺ 䞲 㞢㝿 ✲㎎㣪. Take one tablet every five hours.
㩚䢪䞶 ➢Ⱎ┺ 㰧㠦 㠜▪⧒.
She’s not at home every time I call.
• -✺ ‘plural -s’
It is unnecessary for most nouns to be marked for plurality as long as the context is clear, as in ㌂⧢㧊 Ⱔ┺. However, -✺ must be kept when the noun
is accompanied by a demonstrative, as in ⁎ ㌂⧢✺, ⁎ 䞯㌳✺, and so on – unless a plural numeral is included, as in ⁎ ⚦ 䞯㌳. In addition, it can be
attached to adverbs, to connectives, and even to the verb at the end of a sentence to indicate the plurality of the subject noun.
㢲✺ 㞞 㢖㣪? Why don’t you guys come?
䘎䧞✺ 㓂㎎㣪. You all have a good rest.
ṖⳊ㍲✺ ⲏ㠊⧒. Eat them on your way back.
✺㠊㡺㎎㣪 ✺. You all come in please.
• -⋒Ⰲ ‘among; by themselves’ exclusiveness in a group activity or gathering
㤆Ⰲ⋒Ⰲ 㟮₊◆, 䕖㧻㧊 ⍞ⶊ ỆⰢ䞲 Ệ ṯ㰖 㞠㞚㣪? Between ourselves, isn’t the boss too stuck-up?
Ṗ㫇⋒ⰂⰢ ⳾㧊₆⪲ 䟞⓪◆ 䂲ῂ⯒ ◆⩺ 㡺Ⳋ 㠊⟷䟊? Just our family members were going to get together, so how come
you brought your friends?
㤦⧮ ⋒Ⰲ⋒Ⰲ ⳾㧊Ợ Ⱎ⩾㧊㬶. It’s always the case that birds of a feather flock together.
• -㧊㟒 ‘if it be’
╃ 䞲 ⰞⰂ㸺㧊㟒 䢒㧦 ⲏ㦚 㑮 㧞㰖. If it’s a matter of one chicken, I can finish it up by myself, of course.
Ⱖ㧊㟒 㓓㰖Ⱒ 䟟☯㦒⪲ 㢄₆₆⓪ 㓓㰖 㞠㞚㣪. If it’s talk, it’s easy, but it’s not easy to put the words into action.
㌳₆₆㟒 㧮 ㌳ἒ㬶.
If it’s looks, he is good-looking, of course. •
-㧊㟒Ⱖ⪲ ‘indeed; be
THE
one’ ⁎ ㌂⧢㧊㟒Ⱖ⪲ 㤆Ⰲ ㍲㠦㍲ Ↄ 䞚㣪䞲 㧎ⶒ㧊㰖.
He is indeed an indispensable person in our department. ⋮㟒Ⱖ⪲ 㧊⩝Ợ TV ⽊ἶ 㧞㦚 ➢Ṗ 㞚┞㰖. ⌊㧒㧊 㔲䠮㧎◆.
I am the one who shouldn’t be watching TV like this. I have an exam tomorrow. •
-㦖⓪䄺⎫ ‘far from; on the contrary; let alone’
㠦㍲ 㧒❇㦖䄺⎫ 10 ❇ 㞞㠦☚ ⴑ ✺Ỷ┺. Far from being at the top of the class, I doubt that you’ll be even within the top ten.
䘎㰖⓪䄺⎫ 㩚䢪 䞲 䐋☚ 㠜㠊㣪. There’s not even a phone call from her, let alone a letter.
㢂 㡂⯚㠦⓪ 䞒㍲⓪䄺⎫ 㑮㡗㧻☚ 䞲 ⻞ ⴑ Ṫ㠊. This summer, I couldn’t even go to the swimming pool once,
let alone go on a summer vacation.
㡞㊮₆⓪䄺⎫ 䢎㧊 ➆⪲ 㠜▪⧒. Far from being pretty, I found her to be just like a pumpkin ugly.
NOTE: 䄺⎫ can be replaced by Ⱖ䞶 ộ☚ 㠜ἶ or ἶ㌂䞮ἶ, provided that 㡞㊮₆⓪ is changed to 㡞㊲ Ị.
