유괴범이 어린아이를 치했습니다. transitive A
kidnapper abducted the child.
어린아이가 유괴범에 의해 치되었습니다. passive The child was abducted by a kidnapper.
• Potentialuncontrollable
긴장되는데요. I’m getting nervous.
자꾸 정이 되네요. I keep getting worried.
도저히 이해가 안 돼요. I can’t possibly understand.
이번 한국여 이 많이 기대됩니다. I’m looking forward to this trip to Korea. 공부를 해야 되는데 공부가
I have to study, but I can’t seem to be 잘 안 돼요.
able to. 아무리 용서를 하려고 해도
No matter how hard I try to forgive him, 용서가
안 돼요. I just can’t.
15.3.4 Other special intransitive verbs
Some nouns combine with 당하다 ‘sufferundergo’ or 받다 ‘receive’ to create compound intransitive verbs with a passive-like meaning.
• With 당하다
강간당하다 be raped 사기당하다 be swindled
배반당하다 be betrayed 거절당하다 be rejected
무시당하다 be ignored 고소당하다 be sued
실연당하다 be lovelorn 왕따당하다 be alienated
• With 받다
사랑받다 be loved
칭찬받다 be praised
존경받다 be respected
처벌받다 be punished 멸시받다
be despised 비난받다 be criticized
간섭받다 be interfered with
상처받다 be hurtbroken-hearted
In addition, two special verbs – 속다 and 맞다 – are worth noting since they have a passive meaning in the absence of any suffix or auxiliary.
지영이가 사기꾼한테 속았다. Jiyoung got deceived by the swindler
. 동생이 형한테 맞았다.
The younger brother got hit by the older brother.
15.4 Special sub-types of transitive verbs
Like intransitives, transitive verbs can be organized into several subclasses based on the presence of particular suffixes andor special verbs.
15.4.1 Transitive verbs with the suffix -이히기리우구추
A limited number of native Korean transitive verbs are formed from intransitives with the help of the suffixes -이, -히, -기, -리, -우, -구, or -추. So, whereas 울다
means ‘cry,’ 울리다 is a transitive verb with the meaning ‘make someone cry.’ In other cases, there is also a significant shift in meaning: 서다 means ‘stand’ or
‘stop,’ but its transitive counterpart 세우다 means ‘establish’ or ‘pull over.’ Additional examples are presented in the table below.
Intransitive verbs with subject only
Transitive verbs with -이히기리우구추 with subject direct object
붙다
X
sticks 속다
X
be deceived 붙
이다 attach
X
속 이다 deceive X
다
X
cools off 넓다
X
be wide 히다 cool X off
넓 히다 widen X
굶다
X
starves 웃다
X
laughs 굶
기다 starve X 웃
기다 make X laugh 날다
X
flies 오르다
X
rises 날
리다 make X fly 올
리다 raise X 차다
X
be filled 깨다
X
wakes up 채
우다 fill X 깨
우다 wake X up 다
X
sproutscomes out 구다 stimulatewhet X
늦다
X
be late 맞다
X
fits 늦
추다 delay X; loosen X 맞
추다 make X fit
When the verb is transitive to begin with, the suffix -이히기리우구추 adds another element to its meaning – typically an indirect object. So, instead of
someone doing something on his own, she directly or indirectly causes some- one else to do it.
Transitive verbs with subject direct object
Transitive verbs with -이히기리우구추 with subject, direct object, one other
먹다 eat X 보다 see X
먹 이다 feed X to Y
보 이다 show X to Y
입다 wear X: clothes 읽다 read X
입 히다 dress Y in X
읽 히다 make Y read X
신다 wear X: shoes 감다 wash hair
신 기다 put X on Y
감 기다 wash Y’s hair
알다 know X 알
리다 inform Y of X 쓰다 wear X: hats
씌 우다 put X on Y’s head
Uses of transitive verbs with -이히기리우구추
• Causative
The following examples are divided into two groups: one with the sense of causing
SOMEONE
to do something as is the case for all the verbs in the second table above and some in the first table and the other with the sense of causing
SOMETHING
to happen. The ‘causative’ meaning is clear in the first type, but is less evident in the second type, which often is hardly distinguishable from
simple transitives.
Causing someone to do something:
승진하려고 웃사람들한테 돈을 I heard that he bribed his superiors to
먹 대요.
get promoted. 형제간에 싸움을 붙 어요.
They made the two brothers get into a fight. 아이를 의자에 앉히세요.
Have the child sit in a chair. 교수가 생들에게 책을 많이
The professor makes students read a lot. 읽힌다.
아기 신발 좀 신겨 줘라. Help the baby put the shoes on.
아빠가 나한테 그 일을 맡기셨다. Father put me in charge of the matter. 누가 내 동생을 울렸지?
Who made my younger sister cry? 아기를 너무 많이 재우지 마세요. Don’t let the baby sleep too much.
Causing something to happen:
요새 요가에 재미를 붙 어요. I’ve taken an interest in yoga these days.
전통문화에 관심을 기울이고 있다. I am focusing my interest on traditional culture.
저민생선에 밀가루를 혀 놓아. Have the sliced fish floured. 너무 뜨거워서 좀 혀야겠어요. It’s too hot, so I better cool it off a bit.
남기지 말고 다 먹자. Let’s eat it all and not leave anything.
얼음 좀 얼려야겠어요. I think I should make some ice.
값 좀 그만 좀 올리지. I wish they would stop raising the price.
남의 일에 왜 그렇게 핏대를 Why do you get so angry over other
올리니 ?
people’s business? 도 으로 집을 날렸어. I lost my house through gambling.
어떻게 친구 마음을 돌릴 수 I wonder what I can do to change
있을까 ?
my friend’s mind? 시계 좀 맞춰 놓자.
Let’s set the watch. 날짜를 좀 늦출까요?
Shall we delay the date a little? All of the above patterns have counterparts without the suffix -이히기리
우구추. This leads to contrasts such as the following.
아기가 너무 많이 자네요. 그만 재우세요. The baby is sleeping too much. Stop letting him sleep.
형제간에 싸움이 붙었어요. 누가 싸움을 붙인 거예요? The two brothers got into a fight. Who made them get into a fight?
요즘 나는 요가에 재미가 붙었어. 너도 한 번 재미를 붙여 봐. I got interested in yoga these days. Why don’t you try to take an interest in it too?
시계가 안 맞는다. 좀 맞춰 놓자. The watch is not correct. Let’s set it.
우리만 알고 있지 말고 다른 사람들한테도 알리자. Let’s inform other people too, instead of keeping the information to ourselves.
커피가 한 방울도 안 남았네. 좀 남기지. Not a drop of coffee is left. I wish you had left a little for me.
친구 마음을 아무리 돌리려고 해도 마음이 돌아오지를 않네요. I try very hard to change my friend’s mind, but her mind won’t change.
얼굴에 뭐가 었네요. 뭘 힌 거예요? You have something on your face. What do you have your face covered with?
• Idiosyncratic use
The following patterns all noun–verb combinations don’t have non-causative counterparts and are best treated as fixed expressions.
치사하게 남의 점을 들먹이냐?
How shameful of you to bring up my weaknesses.
네가 얼마나 강한지 본때를 보여 줘. Teach them a lesson to show how strong
you are.
시계를 전당포에 잡 어.
I pawned my watch at the pawn shop. 그 사람은 돈을 너무 혀요.
He’s obsessed with money.
오늘 손님이 없어서 파리 날린다.
There are no customers, so no business today [letting just the flies fly].
투수로 이름을 날렸다.
He won his fame as a pitcher.
졸 후에 전공을 살리고 싶어요.
I want to put my college major to use after graduation.
너 남자친구하고 입맞추는 거 봤어. I saw you kissing your boyfriend. 알리바이를 위해 서로 입을 맞췄다. We all told the same story as our alibi.
15.4.2 Transitive verbs with -게 하다
The meaning expressed by
-
게 하다 is always causative – making or letting someone do something. When it comes to making someone do something, the
verb 하다 can be replaced by 만들다. This pattern is fully productive – it can be used with any verb.
선생님이 그 생을 집에 일찍 가게 하셨다. The teacher had the student go home early.
너무 오래 기다리게 하지 말고 빨리 오세요. Come quickly and don’t make us wait too long.
방을 너무 춥게 해서 감기가 들었어. She made the room too cold, so I caught a cold.
뜻하지 않은 비 기 연 이 우리로 하여금 시간을 비하게 만들었다. The unexpected delay of the airplane made us waste our time.
When both the -이히기리우구추 form and the -게 하다 form are permitted, the former tends to express more direct causation than the latter e.g., 먹이다
‘feed’ vs. 먹게 하다 ‘makelet someone eat’.
In addition, the -이히기리 forms often have simple transitive or idiom- atized uses and cannot alternate with the -게 하다 forms, which have only a
causative use. 맛이 인다.
It has a killer taste. 종을 울렸다.
They rang the bell.
얼굴을 붉 다. She blushedreddened.
과거를 숨겼다. He hid the past.
어가는 물고기를 살렸다. I saved the dying fish.
사투리 쓴다고 놀려요. They make fun of my regional accent.
15.4.3 Transitive verbs with 시키다
In the case of a small set of nouns, the verb 시키다 can replace 하다 to express a causative meaning.
피곤하니까 나한테 말 시키지 마. 아무말도 하고 싶지 않아. I’m tired, so don’t make me talk. I don’t want to say anything.
음 을 접 하지 않고 항상 시켜 먹는다. She doesn’t cook food, but has it delivered all the time.
다른 사람들 조심시키기 전에 너부터 조심해. You be careful first before making other people be careful.
본인부터 소개하고 여자친구도 소개시켜 주세요. Introduce yourself first and have your girlfriend introduce herself to us as well.
우리는 치열하게 서로 경쟁했다. 선생님이 우리를 경쟁시켰다. We competed fiercely. Our teacher made us compete.
NOTE: Other nouns that can be used in these patterns include 공부 ‘study,’ 구경 ‘sightseeing,’ 긴장 ‘nervousness,’ 노래 ‘singing,’ 승진 ‘promotion,’ 연습
‘practice,’ 일 ‘work,’ 해산 ‘dispersaldispersing,’ and 신 ‘confirmation.’
15.4.4 Transitive verbs with -뜨리다
The auxiliary verb -뜨리다 is used to form the transitive counterpart of a small set of intransitive verbs that contain -지다.
과자가 다 부서졌다. 더 부서뜨리지 마. The biscuit got all crumbled. Don’t crumble it up more.
뭐 빠진 거 없니? 하나도 빠뜨리지 말고 챙겨. Is there anything missing? Don’t miss anything; pack everything.
이 탁에서 떨어졌어요. 누가 을 떨어뜨렸어요. The cup dropped from the table. Someone dropped it.
벌써 소문이 퍼졌다. 누가 소문을 퍼뜨렸지? The rumor spread already. I wonder who spread the rumor.
접시가 그냥 깨졌어. 내가 깨뜨리지 않았어. The plate just broke. I didn’t break it.
NOTE: Both 깨다 and 깨뜨리다 are transitive with the meaning ‘break.’ The
-뜨리다 in this case simply has an intensifying effect.
16 Tense and Aspect
Tense situates a state or event in time past, present, or future, while aspect expresses the way it is viewed ongoing, repeated, completed, and so on. Verbal
forms are often given names – such as ‘past tense’ or ‘future tense.’ However, these names are somewhat misleading, since most forms have several functions
beyond the one from which their name is derived. The same is true in English, where the so-called ‘present tense’ can be used to express the future, as in She
arrives tomorrow at 3:00, for example. As you proceed, it is important to bear in mind the distinction between the name typically used to identify a verb’s form
and the various uses to which that form is put.
16.1 Tense and aspect on sentence-final verbs
16.1.1 The basic form
The most basic verb form is used primarily to express present-time states and actions. Except for action verbs in the 한다 style, for which -ㄴ는 is inserted
e.g., 본다, 는다, it involves no special marking.
• With descriptive verbs, the basic form denotes a present state.
내 동생은 키가 작다. My younger brothersister is short.
머리가 너무 짧아요. My hair is too short.
• With action verbs, the basic form is used not only to express present-time
actions but also, depending on the context andor the meaning of the verb, habitual actions, past actions that continue to the present, future actions,
and processes in progress, as the following examples illustrate.
지금 밥 먹는다. I’m eating right now.
매일 아침 해변가를 달린다. I run along the beach every morning.
두 달째 여기 살아요. I’ve been living here for two months now.
다음 주에 출장간다. I’m going on a business trip next week.
국수가 불어요. The noodles are getting soggy.
