It is sometimes unclear whether a sentence-initial -㦖⓪ marks a topic or a contrast. Depending on which element is focused, a sentence such as Ὃ⓪
㎇㞚Ṗ 㧮䞲┺ can have different interpretations:
Ὃ⓪ ㎇㞚Ṗ 㧮 䞲┺. Ὃ is a topic. The sentence is about study in general; ㎇㞚, not other people, is good academically.
Ὃ⓪ ㎇㞚Ṗ 㧮 䞲┺. Ὃ is contrastive. ㎇㞚 is good academically, but not at some other things.
If the noun marked by -㦖⓪ is not at the beginning of the sentence, however, it can only have one interpretation:
㎇㞚Ṗ Ὃ⓪ 㧮䞲┺. Ὃ is contrastive: ㎇㞚 is good academically, but not at some other things.
There is a big difference in meaning and nuance between a noun marked by -㦖
⓪ and one marked by -㧊Ṗ. 㠒Ὴ㦖 㡞㊮┺.
She has a pretty
FACE
but a lousy personality, bad figure, poor brain, or something else that is bad.
㠒Ὴ㧊 㡞㊮┺. She has a pretty face.
The following table provides a summary of different uses of -㧊Ṗ and -㦖⓪ with respect to the subtle cue of phonetic focus.
The different uses of -㧊Ṗ and -㦖⓪ with respect to phonetic focus: Unfocused low pitch Focused high pitch
-㧊Ṗ neutral subject
exclusive ‘this and only this’ -㦖⓪ topic
contrast
19.4 -㦚⯒
The prototypical function of -㦚⯒ is to mark a direct object, but it can also be used in a variety of other ways.
19.4.1 Use of -㦚⯒ to mark direct objects
The particle -㦚⯒ is primarily used to mark a direct object whose referent is the ‘undergoer’ of the action denoted by the verb.
㺛㦚 㭒ⶎ䟞㠊㣪. I ordered the book.
Often, a noun that functions as a direct object in Korean occurs with a prepo- sition in English.
╖䞯㦚 㫎㠛䟞┺.
He graduated from college.
䂲ῂ⯒ ₆┺Ⰲἶ 㧞㔋┞┺.
I am waiting for my friend.
㌞ 㹾 ㌂⓪ ộ㦚 䙂₆䟞㠊㣪.
I gave up on buying a new car.
19.4.2 Use of -㦚⯒ to mark non-direct objects
In addition to its role as direct object marker, -㦚⯒ can be used to mark: •
A destination instead of 㠦 㣎ῃ㦚 㧦㭒 ⋮Ṛ┺.
They often go abroad. 䞶Ⲏ┞⓪ 㧧㦖㰧㦚 Ṗ㎾㠊㣪.
Grandmother went to uncle’s place. •
Purpose of a movement ⋾䟊㞞㦒⪲ 㡂䟟㦚 ⟶⌂㠊㣪.
She left for a trip to the south coast. 㡗䢪ῂἓ㦚 Ṟ₢?
Shall we go for a movie? •
The noun that describes a property of a direct object instead of -⪲ 㹾⯒ 㣎㩲⯒ ㌖㠊.
I bought a car, a foreign-made one. ῂ⚦⯒ ⏨㦖 Ỏ ㌖㠊.
She bought the shoes, ones with high heels. •
The indirect object of certain verbs for added exclusiveness instead of -㠦Ợ 䞲䎢℮
㺛㦚 ⁎ 䂲ῂ⯒ 㭒㠞㠊. I gave the friend the book.
☞㦚 䞶㞚⻚㰖⯒ ✲⪎㠊㣪. I gave Grandfather the money.
• Duration of an action or state
⁒ 㧒㭒㧒㦚 㞚䕶㠊㣪. I was sick for almost one week.
⚦ 㔲Ṛ☯㞞㦚 Ỏ㠞┺. I walked for two hours.
• Quantity
䂲ῂṖ ⍞ Ⱒ⋮⩂ ㎎⻞㦚 㢪㠞┺. Your friend came to see you three times. 㡺⓮ 䄺䞒 ㎎ 㧪㦚 Ⱎ㎾㠊㣪.
I drank three cups of coffee today. 䞲 㔲Ṛ㠦 90 Ⱎ㧒㦚 ╂⪎㠊.
We drove 90 miles in one hour. •
Emphatic negation ┺ⰂṖ 㤖㰗㧊㰞 㞠㞚.
My legs won’t move. 㞚㧊Ṗ 䐋 Ⱖ㦚 ✹㰞 㞠⓪┺.
The child doesn’t listen at all. NOTE: -㰞 is a contracted form of 㰖⯒. Contraction is normally reserved for casual
speech see ch. 8 and not for writing, but it is used here because emphatic negation is typically very colloquial.
19.4.3 Some fixed patterns involving -㦚⯒
The following bold-faced patterns, which are usually employed for formal and written language, are fixed expressions that include -㦚⯒.
㡺⓮ 㧦㩫㦚 㦚 ₆䟊㍲ ㌞ ⻫㧊 䣾⩻㦚 䥮䞲┺.
As of midnight tonight, the new law goes into effect.
☯㍲㟧㦚 㦚 Ⱏ⪶䞮ἶ ⳾㦮 㧦㔳㠦 ╖䞲 ㌂⧧㦖 䞲㧊 㠜┺.
Whether it’s the East or the West, parents’ love for their children is endless. 㧊₆ἶ 㰖ἶ⯒
⯒ ⟶⋮㍲ ἓ₆⯒ Ⱎ㦢℥ 㯦ₗ㔲┺.
Aside from who wins and who loses, let’s enjoy the game to the fullest. 䞲⧒㌆㦚
㦚 ゚⫅䟊㍲ 㩲㭒☚ ὉὉ㦚 㡂䟟䟞┺.
We visited every site on Jeju Island, including Halla Mountain. 㧊⻞ 㔲䞿㦮 㤆㔏㦚
㦚 㥚䟊㍲ 㧒 ⎚Ṛ 㡊㕂䧞 㭖゚䟞㔋┞┺.
In order to win this game, we practiced hard for the entire year. 䌦䠮╖Ṗ ⁏㦚
㦚 䟻䟊㍲ 㿲䟞㔋┞┺.
The expedition began its voyage toward the Arctic.
19.5 -☚
-☚ helps express emphasis as well as the meaning of ‘also,’ ‘even,’ and ‘indeed.’ It cannot co-occur with -㧊Ṗ or -㦚⯒, but it does occur in combination with
other particles. Here is a summary of its basic uses.
• ‘Also’
⁎ 㡗䢪☚ ⽺┺. I saw the movie too.
⁎ 㦢㔳㩦㠦☚ Ṗ ⽺㠊㣪. I’ve been to that restaurant also.
• ‘Even’
㦖 䄺⎫ ⶒ☚ ⴑ ⲏ㠞㠊㣪. I didn’t even have water, let alone a meal.
∞㠦☚ ⴆ⧦㠊㣪. I didn’t know, not even in my wildest dreams.
⼒⬿㧊☚ ⌅㧊 㧞㰖. He’s so shameless. [Even a flea has a shame.
] 㠒Ⱎ ⲏ㰖☚ ⴑ䟞㠊㣪.
I didn’t even eat much. ⍺ Ⱖ㦖 㧊㩲 䆿㦒⪲ Ⲫ㭒⯒
I don’t believe what you say any more [even if 㚾╖☚ 㞞 ⹕⓪┺.
you say you make soybean paste out of soy]. •
‘Indeed’ ⍞⓪ 㺎 ㌮☚ Ⱔ┺.
You are very jealous indeed. 䟊㑮㣫㧻㠦 ㌂⧢☚ Ⱔ▪⧒.
There were indeed lots of people at the beach. Ⱔ㧊☚ ⲏ⓪┺.
You really do eat a lot. 䟟䞮Ợ☚ 㡂䟟 㭧 ㌂ἶ⯒
Unfortunately, an accident happened
╏䟞㔋┞┺. during their trip.
• ‘Not only ~ but also’; ‘neither ~ nor’
⏖₆☚ 㧮 ⏖ἶ Ὃ☚ 㡊㕂䧞 䟊㣪. Not only does she play hard, she also studies hard.
