-㠦㍲GGvs. -䎆
Both -㠦㍲ and -䎆 indicate some sort of a starting point but they are interchangeable only when there is an end point expressed by -₢㰖.
㭒㹾㧻㠦㍲䎆 ㌂ⶊ㔺₢㰖 from the parking lot to the office 10 ㌊㠦㍲䎆 15 ㌊₢㰖 from 10 to 15 years old
2 㤪 Ⱖ㠦㍲䎆 3 㤪 㭧㑲₢㰖 from the end of February to the middle of March
In other cases, only one is possible:
Use only -㠦㍲, not -䎆: ‘from a point’ – without an end point expressed by -₢㰖
ぢ⧒㰞㠦㍲ 䘎㰖Ṗ 㢪┺. A letter came from Brazil. 㰧㠦㍲ ⟶⌂┺. She left from home.
1 㔲Ṛ㠦㍲ 2 㔲Ṛ 㩫☚ from one hour to two hours ⰾ⊳㠦㍲ ⚦ ⻞㱎 㰧 the second house from the very end
Use only 䎆, not -㠦㍲: ‘first; starting from; since; from a person’ 䎆 ⲏ㧦. Let’s eat first.
⌊㧒䎆 ゚ 㡾╖㣪. I hear that it will rain starting from tomorrow. 㻮㦢䎆 ┺㔲 䞮㧦. Let’s start over from the beginning.
㠎㩲䎆 㧦⓪ Ệ㟒? Since when are you sleeping? 㡺ザ⪲䎆 or 㡺ザ䞲䎢㍲ 䘎㰖Ṗ 㢪㠊㣪. A letter came from my brother.
Both are possible, but they differ in meaning in the following case: 㩲 1 ὒ㠦㍲ 㔲䠮 ⶎ㩲Ṗ ⋮㡾┺. The exam is based on chapter one.
㩲 1 ὒ䎆 㔲䠮 ⶎ㩲Ṗ ⋮㡾┺. The exam starts from chapter one.
19.14 -₢㰖
• ‘To; until’ end point in time or space
㠊㪅 ⓼Ợ₢㰖 㺛㦚 㧓㠞㠊㣪. I was reading till late last night.
㡗㠛㔲Ṛ㦖 㡺㩚 8 㔲䎆 㡺䤚 5 㔲₢㰖㧛┞┺. Our business hours are from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
☢㞚㢖㍲䎆 㰖⁞₢㰖 㭚Ἵ 㧶Ⱒ 㧪 Ệ 㧞㬶. You know, I’ve been doing nothing but sleeping from when I got back up till now.
㡂₆㍲䎆 㰧₢㰖 ⧮┺ 㭚Ợ. I’ll escort you from here to your house.
• ‘And even’
㎎䌗₆, ⌟㧻ἶ, ⁎Ⰲἶ 䂾╖₢㰖 ㌞⪲ ㌖┺. I bought a new washer, a new fridge, and even a new bed.
Ṗ㫇㠦 䂲㻯㠦 䂲ῂ✺₢㰖 㽞╖䟞㠊㣪. She invited her family, her relatives, and even her friends.
• ‘Even; as far as’
╖䞯₢㰖 㫎㠛䞮ἶ 㠊⠑Ợ ⁎⩝Ợ ⶊ㔳䞶 㑮Ṗ 㧞㠊㣪? How is it possible to be that ignorant, even after graduating from college?
⳿㑾₢㰖☚ 䂶 ṗ㡺Ṗ ♒ 㧞㔋┞┺. I’m ready to sacrifice even my life.
㽳㦚 ㌂Ⳋ㍲₢㰖 Ⱒ⋮ἶ 㕌㰖 㞠┺. I don’t want to date her so much that I’d be hated for it by others.
㭒⨟㧊⧒ἶ 䞶 Ệ₢㰖⓪ 㠜ἶ ㏢㭒 䞲 ⼧㩫☚ Ⱎ㕃┞┺. I won’t go as far as calling it my ‘Churyang’ resistance to alcohol,
but I can drink about one bottle of soju.
19.15 -㫆㹾 and -Ⱎ㩖
These particles are somewhat similar to -₢㰖 in that they express the meaning ‘even; as far as.’ However, there are also differences: -㫆㹾 is reserved for ‘even
the most basic or the most expected thing,’ while -Ⱎ㩖 and -₢㰖 are used to indicate ‘even the last.’ Both -㫆㹾 and -Ⱎ㩖 are used only for undesirable
situations, but there is no such restriction on -₢㰖.
• ‘Even the most basic’: -㫆㹾 is most natural
㧊⯚㫆㹾☚ ₆㠋㧊 㞞 ⋮㣪. I can’t remember even her name.
⍞ⶊ 䞒Ἲ䟊㍲ ㏦Ṗ⧓ ₢➇䞮₆㫆㹾 㕁┺. I am so tired that I don’t even want to lift a finger.
Ṗ ✺㠊㡺⓪ Ệ㫆㹾 ⳾⯊ἶ 㧶㦚 㧺㠊㣪. I slept without even knowing that someone came in.
• ‘Even the last’: -Ⱎ㩖₢㰖 is more natural than -㫆㹾
㕂㰖㠊 ⁎⓪ 㟧㕂Ⱎ㩖 䕪㞚⻚⪎┺. He went as far as selling out his conscience.
Ⱏ㹾₢㰖 ⏩㼺㦒┞, 㠊⠑Ợ 㰧㠦 Ṗ㰖? I missed even the last bustrain; how am I going to get home?
•
Undesirable situation in general: any of -㫆㹾Ⱎ㩖₢㰖
㤊☯㦖䄺⎫ ⲏ㦚 㔲Ṛ㫆㹾 㠜㠊㣪. I don’t even have time to eat, let alone time to exercise.
㧊䢒䞲 ㌂㔺㦚 Ṗ㫇✺₢㰖 ⳾⯊ἶ 㧞⓪ ộ ṯ㞚㣪. Even his family members don’t seem to be aware of the fact that he got a divorce.
ἆ䢒㔳㠦 Ṗ㧻 䂲䞲 䂲ῂⰞ㩖 㞞 㡾 Ệ 㧞㬶. Even my closest friend didn’t come to my wedding, you know.
• Desirable situation: only ₢㰖 is natural
㥶㠪 ㌂ⶊ㽳㧻₢㰖 㰖⌊㔶 䤢⯃䞲 㧊㎎㣪. He’s a great man who even served as the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
5 䃦⩕㰲Ⰲ ┺㧊㞚₢㰖 㞮╖㣪. She even received a five-carat diamond ring.
⁎ ⋾㧦⓪ ⴑ 䞮⓪ Ợ 㠜㠊, 㕂㰖㠊 㣪Ⰲ₢㰖☚. There’s nothing he cannot do well, including even cooking.
19.16 -㧊⋮
• The best of the remaining choices not used with past tense
ニ㧊⋮ ⲏ㰖 ⶮ 㦚 䟊㣪? Why don’t we just eat bread; what are you making rice for?
㺎ἂⰦἶ Ỏ⩞㰞㧊⋮ 䞮㔲㰖. Why don’t you stop butting in and just do the mopping?
㧶☚ 㞞 㡺ἶ 㞶㧎☚ 㠜ἶ ゾ⧮⋮ 䞮㧦. I can’t sleep, nor do I have a girlfriend, so let me just do the laundry.
㧊⻞ ╂㠦⓪ 㫖 䧮✺ἶ ┺㦢 ╂㠦⋮ ♶ Ệ ṯ㦖◆㣪. It won’t be ready this month; it will have to be next month, I’m afraid.
㟮₆⓪ ⋮㭧㠦 䞮ἶ ゾⰂ ⲏ₆⋮ 䟊. You can talk later, so go ahead and just focus on eating.
• Emphasis on quantities that are more than expected
㎇㑮₆⧒ ⁎⩆㰖 㢫⽋ 䟃Ὃ⬢Ṗ 㻲 㧊⋮ 䞮⓪ Ệ 㧞㬶. Perhaps because it’s high season, the round trip airfare is as high as 1,000.
ⰻ㭒⯒ 㧦⁎Ⱎ䂮 㧒 ⼧㧊⋮ Ⱎ㎾㠊㣪 I drank as many as seven bottles of beer
-㝿㧊⋮G expresses even stronger emphasis on something that is more than expected.
⍺? 㻲 㝿㧊⋮ 䟊㣪? ⁎⩝Ợ ゚㕎㣪? What? A thousand dollars? That expensive?
㧒 ⼧㝿㧊⋮ Ⱎ㎾㦒┞ 䞚⯚㧊 ⊠₎ 㑮㠦. No wonder you were totally wasted, having drunk
SEVEN
bottles. It can also be used casually for unexpected things that don’t involve quantity.
⁎⌻ 㢖☚ ♮⓪◆ ⶮ ㍶ⶒ㝿㧊⋮… You didn’t have to bring anything; what’s this gift for?
㞚ⶊỆ⋮ 㔲䋺㰖 ⶮ Ṟ゚㝿㧊⋮… Anything should be fine; you don’t have to order the expensive Kalbi.
ⶊ㓾 㭧⼧㧊 Ỏ⪎┺ἶ ⼧ⶎ㞞㝿㧊⋮… What is this visit to check on her health for, as if she has some serious illness?
