Addressing a family member

This notwithstanding, there are a number of words in Korean that appear to do the work of pronouns under certain specific conditions. 3.2.1 First person pronouns and their equivalents • ⋮㤆Ⰲ: used to refer to oneselfoneselves when speaking with close friends, children, one’s students, siblings, parents in a liberal family, and possibly even grandparents. Also used in writing for a non-specified audience. • 㩖㩖䧂: as humble counterparts of ⋮㤆Ⰲ, 㩖㩖䧂 are used with teachers and bosses, with acquaintances or strangers who are not younger, as well as in formal meetings. NOTE: ⋮ + Ṗ ÆG ⌊Ṗ; 㩖 + Ṗ Æ 㩲Ṗ; ⋮㦮㩖㦮 can contract to ⌊㩲. Difference between ⋮GGand 㩖 With ⹮Ⱖ endings, only ⋮ is appropriate ⋮⓪ 㞞 Ṟ⧮. But in the 䟊㣪 style, either ⋮ or 㩖 is used. If the hearer is clearly younger, ⋮ is appropriate even in 㫊╩Ⱖ. For instance, a professor will use the -㣪 ending to a student but never 㩖, unless the student is older ⌊Ṗ 㺛㦚 ア⩺ 㭚Ợ㣪. The more formal 䞿┞┺ style, however, calls for only 㩖 㩲Ṗ 䞮Ỷ㔋┞┺. • 㧊㴓, 㡂₆: can be used to refer to ‘Ime’ or ‘weus,’ in addition to its basic meaning of ‘this side’ or ‘here.’ 㧊㴓㦖 ⁎㴓㧊 ⶮ 䞮✶㰖 㔶ἓ 㞞 㖾㣪. I don’t care what you do. 㡂₆⓪ ὲ㺄㦒┞₢ Ệ₆⋮ 㺯₆㎎㣪. We’re okay here, so you just worry about your stuff. 3.2.2 Second person pronouns and their equivalents Extreme care is required in the use of second person pronouns the equivalent of ‘you’. In general, including for parents, teachers, or strangers, kinship terms or titles 㞚⻚㰖, ㍶㌳┮, etc., not pronouns, are called for. A second person pronoun ⍞ or ╏㔶 should not be used except for the limited cases listed below. • ⍞⍞䧂: used for children or extremely close friendssiblings of a similar age or younger. ⍺Ṗ 㞢㞚㍲ 䟊. You just take care of it. ⍞䧂✺⋒Ⰲ Ⲓ㩖 Ṗ⧒. You guys go first. NOTE: ⍞ + Ṗ ÆG ⍺Ṗ; for the spoken forms ┞Ṗ and ┞✺⋒Ⰲ, see 8.3. • ╏㔶: extremely restricted as in the first five examples below, although its use seems to be on the rise. See 3.2.4 for the reflexive pronoun use of ╏㔶. Traditionally used between husband and wife: ╏㔶䞮ἶ ἆ䢒䞲 㰖 ⻢㖾 㕃⎚㧊 ⍮㠞㠊. It’s already been over ten years since I married you. In traditional song lyrics and in poems: ╏㔶㦖 ⑚ῂ㔲₎⧮ 㧊⩝Ợ ⌊ Ⱎ㦢 ₠㦖 Ệ₆㠦 㺔㞚㢖 … I wonder who you are, to come so deeply into my heart… For a non-specified audience in advertisements or questionnaires: ╏㔶㦮 㤆ⰂⰦ 㔺⩻㦖 㠊ⓦ 㩫☚㧛┞₢? How well do you know your native language? As a sign of disrespect when arguing or fighting: ╏㔶㧊 ⶪ◆, ⑚ῂ▪⩂ ╏㔶㧊⧮? Who do you think you are to call me ‘tangsin’? As a semi-formal pronoun for someone with equal or lower status uncommon: ╏㔶㦚 ㌂‚㰖 1 ⎚㧊⋮ ♦⓪◆ 㞚㰗☚ ╏㔶㧊 㠊⟺ ㌂⧢㧎㰖 ⳾⯊Ỷ㠊㣪. It’s been a year since we started dating, but I still can’t figure you out. The following words help fill the function of a second person pronoun under the right circumstances. • ⁎㴓, Ệ₆: frequently used with people of a similar age or younger. These forms are especially useful when one doesn’t know the other person’s name or doesn’t feel comfortable using it. ⁎㴓㧊 Ⲓ㩖 ⊠㦒㎎㣪. You hang up first. ⁎㴓㧊 ⌊Ṗ ⑚ῂ⯒ Ⱒ⋮✶ Why do you care who I go out with? ⶊ㓾 ㌗ὖ㧊㠦㣪? Ệ₆☚ ⲏ㰖. Why don’t you also eat? • 㧦₆: used between romantic partners and between close female friends. See 3.1.3 3.2.4 for other uses of 㧦₆. 㧦₆ 㡺⓮ ⓼㠊㣪? Are you going to be late today? • ⁎╖: used in song lyrics and in poems. ⋯㡓 ⟾㠊㰚 ⁎ ₎㦚 㩫╋Ợ Ỏ㠞▮ ⁎╖ ⁎Ⰲἶ ⋮ you and I, who used to walk in love along the road covered with fallen leaves • ‖䞮: originally used on an envelope for an honorific recipient 㔏Ἒ䢎 ᾦ㑮┮ ‖䞮 ‘TO: Dr. Kyeho Seung’, but nowadays often used in automated calling instructions. ‖䞮㦮 ゚⹖⻞䢎⯒ ③⩂ 㭒㕃㔲㡺. Please press your PIN number. ‖䞮㦮 㧪㞷㦖 5 ⿞㧛┞┺. Your balance is five dollars. • ⽎㧎: means ‘person-in-question’ or ‘self.’ It can therefore be anyone me, you, he, her, but is often used to cleverly avoid the use of ‘you.’ ⽎㧎㧊 㰗㩧 㡺⧒⓪◆㣪. They say that you the person-in-question should come yourself. • ╗: used among older people to refer to an adult stranger. ╗㦖 ⑚ῂ㔶㰖㣪? May I ask who you are? • 㠊⯊㔶: used for a very old person in a respectful way. • 㧦⍺: used by a superior to a much younger adult or to an adolescent of lower status like a student, or by a parent-in-law to a son-in-law. • 㩲ῆ [formal]: used by a superior to subordinates or followers GG 㡺⓮G㩲ῆ✺㠦ỢGⰺ㤆G㝎㝎䞲G㏢㔳G䞮⋮⯒G㩚䟊㟒Ỷ┺.G I have to give you guys a piece of sad news today. • 㡂⩂⿚ [formal]: used toward a group of people 㔶㌂㑯⎖ 㡂⩂⿚ Ladies and gentlemen… 䂲㞶䞮⓪ ῃ⹒ 㡂⩂⿚ My dear fellow Koreans 㡂⩂⿚㦮 ἓ䠮㦚 ⹲䚲䟊 ⽊㎎㣪. Try and talk about your own experiences. 3.2.3 Third person pronouns and their equivalents Korean does not have a well-established category of true third-person pronouns such as English he and she. When it is necessary to refer back to a previously mentioned person, several possibilities are available. One is to simply leave the person unmentioned, especially when he or she has been the topic of the conversation. A: 䞶㞚⻚㰖 㡺㎾㠊㣪. Grandpa came. B: 㠎㩲 㡺㎾㠊㣪? When did he come? A: ⁎㩖℮㣪. The day before yesterday. B: 㠊❪ ㌂㔲⓪◆㣪? Where does he live? A: ㍲㤎㠦㣪. In Seoul. A second option is to employ titles or kinship terms, which can be repeated as many times as needed. A: 䞶㞚⻚㰖 㡺㎾㠊㣪. B: 䞶㞚⻚㰖Ṗ 㠎㩲 㡺㎾㠊㣪? A: ⁎㩖℮㣪. B: 䞶㞚⻚㰖Ṗ 㠊❪ ㌂㔲⓪◆㣪? A: ㍲㤎㠦㣪.