치- ‘upward’
치키다 pull up pants 치밀다 surge emotion, anger 치솟다 rise suddenly and swiftly 치뜨다 lift up one’s eyes
현- 지금 現 ‘present; current’ 현상태 present circumstances
현정부 current government 현주소 one’s present address
현대통령 President in office
휘- ‘round and round; recklessly’
휘젓다 stir; swing 휘두르다 brandish
휘날리다 flapwave in the wind 휘몰아치다 blow hard wind;
fall in whirls snow
10.4 Suffixation
Unlike prefixes, which usually simply add to the meaning of a word, suffixes can modify both a word’s meaning and its category.
10.4.1 Suffixes that create a noun
-개게
찌개 stew 가리개
screen, cover
지게 A-frame carrier 쪽집게 tweezers
-이
길이 length 높이 height
깊이 depth 추위 cold weather
구이 roasted meat, baked fish 시집살이 living with one’s
husband’s parents
-기
기 brightness 크기 size, magnitude
달리기 running; race 줄넘기 rope-jumping
내기 betting 술래잡기 hide-and-seek
- 음 -움 with some verbs that end with ㅂ:
모임 meeting 졸음 drowsiness
느낌 sensation; feeling 외로움 loneliness
슬픔 sorrow; sadness 놀림 teasing; making fun of
10.4.2 Suffixes that create a descriptive verb
- ‘be like; be worthy of’
사람 다 be humane 자 다 be scholarly
신사 다 be gentleman-like 어른 다 be mature like an adult
-맞 ‘give the impression of’
익살맞다 be funnycomical 궁상맞다 be miserable-looking
능글맞다 be slysneaky 능청맞다 be slydeceitful
방정맞다 be rash 칠칠맞다 be slovenlyuntidy
-스럽 ‘be suggestive of’
자연스럽다 be natural 만 스럽다 be satisfying
가증스럽다 be detestable 퉁명스럽다 be bluntbrusque
창피스럽다 be embarrassing 거추장스럽다 be burdensome
스럽다 be appetizingtempting 정성스럽다 be devoted with one’s
full heart
- -의 的 ‘-ic; -al; -ive’
공 official
상 commercial
기계 mechanical 심리 psychological
개인 personal 충동 impulsive
엽기 bizarre; grotesque 현실 realistic; practical
선 straightforward 일방 one-sided; unilateral
NOTE: - is generally attached to Sino-Korean words that cannot combine
with -하다. It is used in the following three types of pattern:
사람이 너무 충동 이다. She’s too impulsive.
충동 인 면이 마음에 든다.
I like her impulsive side. 충동
으로 내린 결정이다. It’s an impulsively made decision.
-롭 ‘be characterized by’
슬기롭다 be wisesensible 지혜롭다 be wiseresourceful
자유롭다 be unrestrictedfree 신비롭다 be mysterious
평화롭다 be peaceful 향기롭다 be fragrant
10.4.3 Suffixes that create an adverb
-껏 ‘to the best of’
능력껏 to the best of one’s ability 재주껏 to the best of one’s talent
요령껏 to the best of one’s judgment 심껏 as much as one desires
-상 위 上 ‘-wise; from the viewpoint of’
양심상 for the sake of conscience 체면상 for honor’s sake
편의상 for the sake of convenience 사정상 owing to circumstances
예의상 as a matter of courtesy 교육상 from the perspective of education
사상 in history 이론상 from a theoretical point of view
-으로
날로 day by day 참말로 truly; indeed
겉으로 outwardly 속으로 inwardly; in one’s heart
대대로 from generation to generation 강제로 by force Examples of the adverbial suffixes -리, -이히, and -게 are presented in
sentences because adverb-plus-verb combinations are best treated as ‘chunks.’ -리
친구가 멀리 떠났어요. My friend has gone far away.
달리 방도가 없습니다. There isn’t any other way.
전세계에 널리 알려졌다. It resounded through the world.
공부를 게을리 하면 안 되지. You should not negelect your study.
불리 덤 다간 큰 코 다친다. If you make a foolhardy attempt, you will
have a bitter experience. -이히
이리 가까이 와요. Come up close here.
내가 끔찍이 아끼는 후배예요. She’s my junior who I care greatly about.
서랍을 샅샅이 다 뒤져 봤어. I tried to ransack all the drawers.
그 분의 겸손 은 높이 살 만하지. His modesty deserves high praise. 우리 영원히 헤어지지 말자.
Let’s never break up.
꾸준히 노력하면 성공할 거야.
You’ll succeed if you make constant efforts. 딱히 뭐라고 설명하기가 어렵다.
It’s hard to pinpoint what it is exactly. 무슨 생 을 그렇게 골똘히 해?
What are you thinking so hard about? 이 정도는 혼자 거뜬히 들 수 있어. I can easily lift this much by myself.
은근히 화가 나는 거 있죠. I get mad in spite of myself.
한 달 용돈이 고스란히 하루 Oh dear, my monthly allowance got spent
기름값으로 다 나갔네. entirely on one day’s gas.
뻔히 알면서 왜 물어봐?
Why do you ask when you already know it
for sure? -게: See 21.2.7.
좀 가볍게 싸자. Let’s pack the suitcase lightly.
시간 없는데 간단하게 먹자. We don’t have time; let’s have a quick bite.
차가 겁나게 달린다. This car is going so scarily fast.
정말 고맙게 생 해요. I’m very grateful.
눈물나게 고맙다. I’m so thankful that I could cry.
정말 미안하게 생 해요.
I feel bad I owe you an apology. 귀엽게 봐 주라.
Go easy on me, please.
시간이 길게지루하게 느껴져요.
It feels like eternity. I am bored. 길게 쓰지 말고 짤 하게 써.
Don’t write a long one; write a short one. 얼굴이 까 게 탔어.
My face got tanned very dark. 까 게 잊어버렸었어.
I had totally forgotten. 깨끗하게 단념해.
Give it up completely. 불편하겠다. 이리 넓게 앉아.
You must feel uncomfortable. Sit over here using more space.
어떤 벌이라도 달게 받겠습니다. I’ll gladly accept any punishment. 사과를 두껍게얇게 깎는다.
You’re peeling a lotlittle off the apple.
딱 부러지게 얘기해.
Say it decisively and firmly. 배부르게 먹었어요.
I’ve eaten enough; I’m full. 책이 불티나게 팔린다.
The books are selling like hot cakes. 간만에 빡세게 공부 좀 했다.
I studied awfully hard in a long time. [spokencolloquial]
뼈저리게 느끼고 있습니다. It sinks deep into my mind; I feel it keenly.
시험이 너무 쉽게 나온 거 같애. The exam seems to be too easy.
남 얘기라고 너무 쉽게 하지마. Don’t speak lightly just because it’s
someone else’s business.
이 소설은 개인주의를 신랄하게
This novel poignantly criticizes 비판하고 있다.
individualism. 좀 싸게 주세요.
Please give me a little discount. 너무 비싸게 산 거 같애.
I think I paid too much for it. 어렵게 내린 결정이에요.
It was a difficult decision that I made.
어렵게부유하게 자랐다.
He grew up in a poorwealthy family. 사진 예쁘게 나왔니?
Has the photograph come out well?
선물 예쁘게 포장해 주세요.
Can you wrap the gift nicely? 어리다고 우습게 보지 마.
Don’t underestimate me just because I’m young.
젊게 사세요. Live young.
그냥 좋게 생 해. Just think of it positively.
커피 좀 진하게연하게 타 주세요. Can you make my coffee strongweak? 옷을 춥게얇게 입었다.
You are not dressed warmly enough. 춥게 자서 그런지 기침이 나네요. Maybe because I slept in a cold room,
I’m coughing.
안 보여요. 좀 더 크게 써 주세요. I can’t see it. Could you write it bigger? 내가 크게 한 낼게.
I will treat you to a great meal.
무릎에 파 게 멍이 들었다 .
My knee got bruised black and blue. Almost any descriptive verb adjective can be turned into an adverb by attaching
-게. Some of the -리 and -이히 adverbs above have -게 counterparts, but in many cases they are not interchangeable. For example:
멀리 떠났다. 멀게 느껴진다.
He has gone far away. I feel distant from him.
널리 알려졌다. 넓게 앉으세요.
It became known widely. Please sit using more space.
길이 보존하자. 너무 길게 이야기하지 마세요.
Let’s preserve it for a long time. Don’t talk too long.
굳이 갈 필요 없어. 굳게 속했어.
You need not take the trouble to go. I made a solemn promise.
분명히 여기 있었어. 분명하게 얘기했어.
It was here for sure. I made my point clearly.
10.4.4 Suffixes relating to address terms
A variety of suffixes that are attached to terms of address carry implications about the speaker’s relationship to the other person. As noted in chapter 3, the
way in which you address others is an extremely sensitive matter in Korean. Considerable caution is therefore called for in the use of these suffixes.
-님: honorific suffix which is attached to proper names or certain titles 하느님 ‘God,’
부처님 ‘Buddha,’ 부모님 ‘parents’.
-씨 성 氏: has multiple uses, which range from impersonal to romantic. When
used improperly, it can offend people.
