Combination of equal-status clauses
21.2.2 Time: simultaneity
• -㦒Ⳋ㍲ ‘while; as’
The two clauses that are connected by these forms typically share a subject. 㦒Ⳇ can be used instead of 㦒Ⳋ㍲ but is less common and less colloquial.
㦢㞛㦚 ✺㦒Ⳇ Ὃ䞮⓪ ⻚⯝㧊 㧞┺. I have a habit of studying while listening to music.
㧶ↂ╖⯒ 䞮Ⳋ㍲ 㧮 㧦▪⧒. I saw you sleeping very well while sleep-talking.
㧒㹣 ✺㠊 㡺Ỷ┺ ⁎⩂Ⳋ㍲ 䧞 ⋮Ṫ㠊㣪. He went out hurriedly, saying that he’ll be home early.
ἓ₆Ṗ 㞛䢪♮Ⳋ㍲ 䟊㣎㡂䟟 㧎ῂṖ 㲣 㭚㠞┺. As the economy worsened, the number of people traveling abroad plummeted.
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-㦚 ➢, -㦚 㩗㠦 ‘when’
㡂䟟Ṟ ➢ ゚㌗⁞㦚 Ↄ 㺯Ỿ Ṗ㎎㣪. Make sure to take emergency money when you travel.
䞒Ἲ䞶 ➢⓪ 䟃㌗ 㹲㰞㠦 Ṗ⓪ Ợ 㔋ὖ㧊 ♦㠊㣪. Going to a sauna every time I feel tired has become my habit.
㔲Ṛ 㧞㦚 ➢Ⱎ┺ 䞲ῃ㠊⯒ Ὃ䞮⩺ἶ 䞿┞┺. I intend to study Korean whenever I have time.
㠊⪎㦚 㩗㠦 䂲ῂ✺ὒ 㑾Ↄ㰞㦚 㧦㭒 䟞┺. I often played hide-and-seek when I was little.
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-☯㞞㠦, -㌂㧊㠦 ‘during’
-☯㞞 can be for any amount of time, but -㌂㧊 is usually a short while. Ὃ㌂䞮⓪ ☯㞞 㿲㧛㦚 ㌒Ṗ䟊 㭒㔲₆ ⧣┞┺.
Please keep out of the place during construction. Ἒ㌆╖㠦㍲ ₆┺Ⰲ⓪ ☯㞞 䢎₆㕂㠦 㺛㦚 ✺㼦⽊₆ 㔲㧧䟞┺.
I started leafing through the book out of curiosity while waiting at the cashier’s. 䂲ῂṖ 㧒㦚 ⽊⓪ ㌂㧊☯㞞 ㍲㩦㠦 Ṗ㍲ 㔲Ṛ㦚 ➢㤶┺.
I went to a bookstore and killed time while my friend was taking care of her errand. ₲㰳䞶 ㌂㧊㠦 ⻢㠊㰚 㧒㧊㠦㣪.
It’s something that happened in the blink of an eye. •
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-㭧㠦, -☚㭧㠦 ‘in the middle of’
Both indicate that something occurs in the middle of an action, but -☚㭧㠦 emphasizes that the action expressed in the first clause is interrupted.
㊮㔶 㭧㠦 㔲Ṛ㦚 ⌊ 㭒㎪㍲ Ṧ㌂䞿┞┺. Thank you for taking time out for me when you are busy.
㑮㠛䞮⓪ 㭧㠦 㩚䢪Ṗ 㢪┺. There was a phone call in the middle of class.
䐋䢪䞮⓪ ☚㭧㠦 㩚䢪Ṗ ⁎⌻ ⊠₆▪⧒ῂ㣪. During our phone conversation, the phone just got cut off.
Ⱖ㝖䞮㔲⓪ ☚㭧㠦 㬚㏷䞿┞┺Ⱒ… I’m sorry for interrupting during your conversation, but…
NOTE: The same meaning can be expressed by a compound noun. 㑮㠛㭧㠦, 䐋䢪 ☚㭧㠦, Ⱖ㝖 ☚㭧㠦, and so on.
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-㠊㍲ 㩠㠊㍲⓪ 㺎 㡞ㄺ⓪◆ 㧊㩲 Ⱔ㧊 ⓯㠞┺.
She was very pretty when she was young, but she’s really aged now. 㞚㭒 㠊⩺㍲ ⹎ῃ㠦 㢪╖㣪.
I hear that he came to the States when he was very little. 10 ⎚Ⱒ㠦 ㌂Ṗ ♒㍲ ☢㞚㢪╖㣪.
I heard that she came back in ten years with a Ph.D. ㌞⼓ 2 㔲Ṗ ⍮㠊㍲ ✺㠊㢪㠊㣪.
He came home after 2:00 in the morning. •
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㔲GG[writtenformal]
Combined with Sino-Korean nouns, -㔲 functions as a conjunctive.
Ṳ⽟ 䤚 ⽊ὖ 㔲 㰗㌂ὧ㍶㦚 䞒䟊 㭒㕃㔲㡺. When storing after opening, avoid direct sunlight.
䃊✲ ☚⋲ ㌂ἶ ㌳ 㔲 䃊✲ 䣢㌂㠦 㯟㔲 㡆⧓䞮㕃㔲㡺. Inform the credit card company immediately when the card is stolen.
㧊㹿⮯ὒ 䢲㭒 㔲㠦⓪ 䅋䂾㦚 㩧㠊 ⏩㦒㕃㔲㡺. Keep the tray folded during takeoff, landing, and taxiing.
21.2.3 Time: sequentiality
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-ἶ with action verbs
㟓㦚 ⲏἶ 㧶㧊 ✺㠞㠊㣪. She took the medicine and fell asleep.
㫎㠛䞮ἶ ⪲ 䀾㰗䟞㠊. He graduated and got a job right away.
㍳G₪ἶG㞟㦒㎎㣪UGG Please use the cushion and sit down.
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-㠊㍲
Unlike clauses connected by -ἶ, which express separate events that happen to be in sequence, use of -㠊㍲ indicates that something is shared by the two
actions. That something can be a direct object, a location, a co-participant, expertise, a posture, and so on.
㹾⯒ ἶ㼦㍲ 䕪㞮㠊㣪.
I fixed the car and sold it.
㩖⎗㦖 ⋮Ṗ㍲ ⲏ㧦.
Let’s go out and eat dinner outside.
䂲ῂ Ⱒ⋮㍲ 㑶 䞲㧪 䟞㠊.
I met a friend and had a drink with him.
㦮╖ ⋮㢖㍲ ╖䞯⼧㤦㠦 㧞┺. He graduated from medical school and is
at a university hospital with his expertise.
㧊 㩫☚㟒 㤢㍲ ⟷ⲏ₆㬶. This much is a piece of cake. [It’s lying
down and eating rice cake lying down.]
• -▪┞ see 21.2.1 to compare with -㠞▪┞
Used with second and third person only, -▪┞ evokes many incidental meanings such as background, causereason, and even contrast. The basic
meaning that is shared by all uses of -▪┞ is sequence.
⤇⤇䞮▪┞ 㕏 ザ㪢⍺. He used to be fat, but has lost it all.
ὒ㔳㦚 䞮▪┞ ⺆䌞㧊 ⌂⋮ ⽦. She was overeating and it looks like she has a stomach problem.
㡂㧦䂲ῂṖ ㌳₆▪┞ ㌂⧢㧊 㢚㩚䧞 ╂⧒㪢㠊㣪. He changed completely once he got a girlfriend.
㠊㩲⓪ 䛏䛏 㹢▪┞ 㡺⓮㦖 㫖 ⌁⍺㣪. Yesterday was steaming hot, but today is a bit better.
The difference between -ἶ and -㠊㍲
In English, and can connect clauses denoting actions that either overlap or occur in a sequence. In Korean, -ἶ denotes a simple sequence, while -㠊㍲ marks an
overlapping sequence where ‘something’ from the first action is used in the interpretation of the second action.
㩖⎗ ⲏἶ 㡗䢪 ⽺┺. I ate dinner and saw a movie. [simple sequence] ⋮Ṗ㍲ 㩖⎗ ⲏ㠞┺. I went out and ate dinner outside. [overlapping sequence]
☚㍲ὖ㠦 Ṗἶ 䂲ῂ Ⱒ⌂㠊. The meeting was somewhere other than the library. ☚㍲ὖ㠦 Ṗ㍲ 䂲ῂ Ⱒ⌂㠊. The meeting took place in the library.
The following paragraph helps show the contrast between -ἶ and -㠊㍲. 㞚䂾㠦 㧒㠊⋮㍲ ㌺㤢䞮ἶ ⲏἶ 䞯ᾦ Ṗ㍲ Ὃ 㫖 䞮┺Ṗ 䂲ῂ Ⱒ⋮㍲
㩦㕂 ⲏἶ 䄺䞒 䞲 㧪 䞮ἶ 㩖⎗㠦 ✺㠊㢖㍲ ⚦ 㔲Ṛ ☯㞞 䞲ῃ㠊 ⽋㔋䞮ἶ 㧊Ⲫ㧒 㫖 䞮ἶ 㧺㠊.
-㠊㍲ but not -ἶ can be replaced by the more colloquial -㠊 Ṗ㰖ἶṬἶ: 㞚䂾㠦 㧒㠊⋮ Ṭἶ…䞯ᾦ Ṗ Ṗ㰖ἶ…䂲ῂ Ⱒ⋮ Ṗ㰖ἶ…✺㠊㢖 Ṭἶ…
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-㠊┺ The referent of the direct object in the -㠊┺ clause is transferred from one
place to another. 䄺䞒 㫖 Ṭ┺ ✲Ⰺ₢㣪?
Shall I bring some coffee for you? 㡺⓪ ₎㠦 㫖 ㌂┺ 㭚⧮㣪?
Would you buy it on the way and bring it for me?
䂲ῂ 㫖 㰧㠦 䌲㤢┺ 㭒ἶ 㢂Ợ㣪. I’ll be back after giving my friend a ride home.
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-㧦Ⱎ㧦,G-₆ṖGⶊ㎃ỢGG‘as soon as’
-㧦Ⱎ㧦 is neutral, but -₆Ṗ ⶊ㎃Ợ expresses the speaker’s feeling of being taken aback by just how soon something happens after an earlier event.G
╖䞯 㫎㠛䞮㧦Ⱎ㧦 ἆ䢒䟞㔋┞┺. He got married as soon as he graduated from college.
㑮㠛㧊 ⊳⋮㧦Ⱎ㧦 㠊❪⪶Ṗ ㌂⧒㪢┺. She disappeared somewhere as soon as the class was over.
㤪 㦚 䌖₆Ṗ ⶊ㎃Ợ ┺ 㖾 ⻚⪎㠊㣪, ⁖㗚. The minute he received his salary, he used it up, you know.
㧻ⰞṖG⊳⋮₆ṖGⶊ㎃ỢG⽎ỿ㩗㧎Gⶊ▪㥚ṖG㺔㞚㢪┺UGG G Just as soon as the rainy spell is over, the scorching heat is here in full force.
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-⓪ 㯟㔲, -⓪ ╖⪲ ‘immediately’
㩚䢪 ⓪ 㯟㔲 ⋮㢖㟒 ♒, 㞢㞮㰖? You have to come out immediately when you get my phone call, got it?
㦢㔳 㝆⩞₆⓪ ㌳₆⓪ 㯟㔲 Ṭ┺ ⻚⩺⧒. As soon as you have food trash, take it out immediately.
⋶㝾 䛖Ⰲ⓪ ╖⪲ ┺㔲 ⋶㦚 㧷㧦. Let’s set the date again as soon as the weather warms up.
㞚䂾㠦 㧒㠊⋮⓪ ╖⪲ 㩚䢪䟊. Call me as soon as you get up in the morning.
䌲ῃ㠦 ☚㹿䞮⓪ ╖⪲ 㧊Ⲫ㧒 䞶Ợ㣪. I’ll e-mail you as soon as I arrive in Thailand.
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-⓪ 㑲Ṛ ‘the moment when’
⍞⯒ 㻮㦢 ⽊⓪ 㑲Ṛ Ṗ㔊㧊 ⥆㠞㠊. My heart skipped a beat the moment I saw you for the first time.
⁎ ㏢㔳㦚 ✹⓪ 㑲Ṛ 㞴㧊 ₲₲䟊㪢┺. I felt utter darkness the moment I heard the news.