How to express equality and similarity

• Can’t compare; be beyond comparison; pales in comparison 시중 와인 맛은 양조장에서 음미하는 와인과 비교가 안 된다. The taste of wine from the market can’t compare to wine from the brewery. 집에서 정성스럽게 싼 도시 은 어느 유명음 점 음 에 댈 게 아니다. Lunch packed at home with love is beyond comparison with food from any famous restaurant. 걔는 나한테나하고 상대가 안 된다. He’s no match for me. 추진력으로 말할 것 같으면 나는 너한테 게임이 안 된다. [spokencolloquial] Speaking of driving force, I can’t compete with you. 그 회사 라면은 이 라면에 쨉도 안 된다. [familiarcasual] The taste of that company’s ramen is nothing near this one. 우리 팀의 현재 공격력으로는 상대팀한테 어림도 없다. Our team’s current offense can’t match our opponent’s. 그 남자는 내 이상형 근처도 못 간다. That guy doesn’t come even close to my ideal type of man. 저 배우는 내 여자친구에 비하면 저리가라다 or 아무것도 아니다. That actress cannot hold a candle to my girlfriend. 미모가 춘향이 뺨친다. When it comes to beauty, she puts Cleopatra [Chunhyang] to shame. • Be inferior to 승부 근성은 미스터 최한테 아 멀었다. You are far inferior to Mr. Choi’s fighting spirit. 운동 실력은 내가 그 친구한테 한참 밀린다. My athletic abilities are far behind that guy’s. 동생 외모가 형한테 기운다빠진다. The little brother’s looks are not as good as his big brother’s. 남편 벌이 부인한테 좀 딸린다. The school the husband graduated from is not as good as the one the wife is from. 탁구는 내가 형한테 좀 꿀린다. [male speech] When it comes to table tennis, I have to give in to my big brother.

20.3 How to express superlatives

• The -est 생들 중에서 제일 똑똑하다. He’s the smartest among all the students. 금강산이 가장 아름다운 산으로 손꼽힌다. [writtenformal] K ŭmgang Mt. is considered to be the most beautiful mountain. 최- 最: combines with many Sino-Korean roots. 최신유 the latest fashion 최대의 효과 the greatest outcome 최상 superlative degree 최 의 경우 if worst comes to worst 맨-: combines with a few native-Korean nouns denoting location or sequence. 맨 처음 the very first 맨 나중 the very last 맨 아래 the very bottom 맨 오른쪽 rightmost • Indirect expressions 누구보다도 성실하다. He’s as sincere as anyone. 타의 추종을 불허한다. He’s second to none. 둘째가라면 서럽다. I’m second to none. 따라올 자가 없다. She’s second to none. 그 분야에 보 인 존재이다. He’s unrivaled in his field . 꽃중의 꽃은 장미죠. The flower of flowers is the rose, of course. 둘도 없는 친구예요. She’s my one and only best friend. 여름에는 냉면이면 그만이다. Naengmy ŏn is the best in summer. 스트레스 푸는 데는 노래방이 Nothing can beat karaoke when it 왔다지. [spokencolloquial] comes to stress busters. 그 영화 짱이다. [slangy] That movie is tops.

20.4 How to express proportions and gradation

• -에 따라 ‘in proportion to; accordingly’ 능력에 따라 대우를 받는다. Everyone is treated in proportion to their abilities. 평균수명이 길어 에 따라 고령화 문제가 심 하게 대두되고 있다. As the average life span increases, aging emerges as a serious problem. 국제유가가 등 에 따라 주 시장이 활기를 띠고 있다. The stock market is showing signs of life as the international price of oil soars. • -면 -을수록 더 ‘the more…, the more…’ 잠은 잘수록 더 오는 법이다. It’s natural that the more you sleep, the sleepier you get. 생 하면 생 할수록 이 올라요. The more I think about it, the more exasperated I get. 친한 사이일수록 더 예의를 지켜야 되는 거 아닌가요? Shouldn’t people be more polite to someone close? 21 Conjunctives Conjunctives typically attach to verbs. They are used to combine clauses into longer sentences and to express various meanings relating to background, time, cause, purpose, and so on. Adnominal patterns that express these types of meanings are also included in this chapter.

21.1 Combination of equal-status clauses

21.1.1 ‘And’ • -ἶ with descriptive verbs ⹿㧊 ⍩ἶ ₾⊭䞮┺. The room is spacious and clean. ὧ㠊Ṗ ⶒ㧊 㫡ἶ 㕇㕇䞿┞┺. The flounder is new and fresh. • -㦒Ⳇ [formalwritten] 㤦₆䣢⽋㠦 㫡㦒Ⳇ ⿖㧧㣿㧊 㩚䡖 㠜㔋┞┺. It’s good for restoring energy and has no side effects at all. 㧊⻞ 㰖㰚㦒⪲ ⿖㌗㧦Ṗ Ⱔ㧊 ⹲㌳䟞㦒Ⳇ 㨂㌆ 䞒䟊☚ Ⱔ㞮㔋┞┺. Many were injured and a lot of property damage was incurred by the recent earthquake. 21.1.2 ‘And whatever’ • -㧊ἶ…-㧊ἶ 㟓䢒㔳㧊ἶ ἆ䢒㔳㧊ἶ Ṛ䘎䞮Ợ 䟊. Make the ceremonies for the engagement, the wedding, and whatever, simple. ὒ㧦ἶ ニ㧊ἶ ⶦ 㫖 ⲏἶ 㔲㧧䞿㔲┺. Let’s eat some cookies, bread, and whatever, before we begin the work. • -㧊ἶ ⋮⹲㧊ἶ [familiarcasual] 㡂䟟㧊ἶ ⋮⹲㧊ἶ ☞㧊 㧞㠊㟒㰖. I have to have money for travel and whatever. ┺㧊㠊䔎ἶ ⋮⹲㧊ἶ ▪ 㧊㌗ 䧮✺㠊㍲ ⴑ 䞮Ỷ┺. Diet and whatever, it’s too hard to do it any longer. • -㧊ἶ ⶦἶ 䞒㍲ἶ ⶦἶ 㔲Ṛ㧊 㧞㠊㟒 Ṗ㬶. I can’t go for a summer getaway and whatever else, without time. 12 㔲Ṗ ⍮㠊㍲ 㰖䞮㻶㧊ἶ ⶦἶ ┺ ⊠㠊㪢┺. It’s past midnight so the subway and whatever else are all closed. • -㧊┺ ⶦ┺ ⏒ⶎ㧊┺ ⶦ┺ 㩫㔶㠜㧊 䞲 䞯₆Ṗ Ṛ Ệ 㧞㬶. With the dissertation and things, the semester just flew by without my realizing it. ⰳ⎚䣢┺ ⶦ┺ ⿞⩺┺┞┺ ⽊┞ 㑶㦚 ⍞ⶊ Ⱔ㧊 Ⱎ㎾㠊㣪. Being invited to end-of-the-year parties and the like, I drank too much. • -㧊Ⳇ…-㧊Ⳇ; -䞮Ⳇ…-䞮Ⳇ 㺛㧊Ⳇ Ṗ⹿㧊Ⳇ ┺ 㧙㠊 ⻚⪎㠊㣪. I lost the books, the bag, and everything. ㌳₊ Ệ䞮Ⳇ Ỏ㦢Ỏ㧊䞮Ⳇ 㢚㩚䧞 㞚ザ┺. In terms of his looks, his walk, and everything, he is a complete Dad junior. • -㧊┞…-㧊┞ ☛㧒㧊┞ 㡗ῃ㧊┞ 㞞 Ṗ ⽎ ◆Ṗ 㠜㠊㣪. Germany, England, and wherever, there’s no place she hasn’t been. • -ⓦ┞…-ⓦ┞Gattaches to a report style ending -┺⌦⧒㧦 ἓ㭒Ṗ 㫡┺ⓦ┞ ㍺㞛㌆㧊 㫡┺ⓦ┞ 㦮ἂ㧊 ⿚⿚䟊㣪. Some say Ky ǂngju is good and others say Sǂrak Mt. is good; opinions vary. 㭒Ⱖ㠦 㡺⧒ⓦ┞ 㭒㭧㠦 㡺⧒ⓦ┞ 㧊⨂┺ 㩖⨂┺ 䞮⍺㣪. They go back and forth, telling me to come on weekends and then on weekdays. • -㦒⨊…-㦒⨊G 㺛 㝆⨊ 䞯㌳✺ Ṗ⯊䂮⨊ ⹪㊲G㩫☚ṖG㞚┞㠦㣪. I am beyond busy writing a book, teaching students, and things like that. 21.1.3 ‘Or’ • -Ệ⋮ ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䝚Ệ⋮ 㡊㧊 ⋮Ⳋ 㫆䑊䞮ἶ 㡺☚⪳ 䟊. Leave work early and come home if you have a headache or fever. ⁎ ㍶㌳┮㦖 䞯㌳✺㧊 ✹Ệ⋮ ⰦỆ⋮ 䢒㧦 㟮₆䟊㣪. That teacher talks regardless of whether students listen to him or not. • ͑ -㦒⋮ 㧦⋮ ₾⋮ ⿞㫆㕂䟊. Whether asleep or awake, watch out for fire. 㡺⋮ Ṗ⋮ Ⱖ㗓㧊㟒. He’s a troublemaker no matter where he goes. 㧊 㟓㦖 ⲏ㦒⋮ Ⱎ⋮㡞㣪. This medicine does nothing, whether I take it or not. ゚Ṗ 㡺⋮ ⑞㧊 㡺⋮ 䞮⬾☚ Rain or shine [rain or snow], she exercises without Ệ⯊㰖 㞠ἶ 㤊☯㦚 䟊㣪. skipping a single day. • -▮Ṗ 䞯ᾦ㠦 㧞▮Ṗ 㰧㠦 㧞▮Ṗ ⚮ 㭧㠦 䞮⋮㧒 Ệ㟒. He will be at school or at home, either of the two. ⶦ 䟊㍲ ⹻ ⲏ㰖? ⁎⌻ ῃ㠦 Ⱖ㞚 ⲏ▮Ṗ 䟊㟒Ỷ┺. What should I eat rice with? I guess I better eat it mixed with soup or something. • -✶㰖 ⍺Ṗ 㡺✶㰖 ⌊Ṗ Ṗ✶㰖 ⁎ ➢ ㌗䢿 ⽦㍲ 䞮㧦. Whether you come or I go, let’s play it by ear. ⹻㦚 ⲏ✶㰖 Ⱖ✶㰖 ㌗ὖ 㞞 䟊. I don’t care whether you eat or not. 㕂㕂䞮Ⳋ 㔶ⶎ㦚 㧓✶㰖 䟊. If you’re bored, read a newspaper or something. ニ㧊✶ ⶦ✶ 㫖 ✲㎪㟒㰖㣪. You should eat something, whether it’s bread or anything. • -┺✶㰖…-┺✶㰖 -┺ changes to -⧒ for the verb -㧊┺ 㩚䢪Ṗ 㡾┺✶㰖 ⑚Ṗ 㺔㞚 㡾┺✶㰖 䞮Ⳋ 㯟㔲 㡆⧓䟊, 㞢㞮㰖? Let me know immediately if there’s a phone call or someone looking for me, okay? 㑮⹫㧊⧒✶㰖 㺎㣎⧒✶㰖 ⶦ ⁎⩆ Ệ 㠜㠊㣪? Do you have watermelon or melon, or something like that? • -㧊⧚㰖…-㧊⧚㰖 [spokencolloquial] 㧎㌒㹾⧚㰖 ㌳ṫ㹾⧚㰖 ῃ㌆㹾⪲ 㞚ⶊGỆ⋮ 䞲㧪 㭒㎎㣪. Give me Korean tea, like ginseng tea, ginger tea, or anything like that. 21.1.4 ‘Not only…but also’ • -☚…-ἶ…-☚ 䞒㞚⏎☚ 㧮 䂮ἶ ⏎⧮☚ 㧮 ⿞⩂㣪. She’s not only a good piano-player but also a good singer. ㎇㩗☚ 㤆㑮䞮ἶ ╖㧎ὖἚ☚ 㤦Ⱒ䞿┞┺. He has a high GPA and also gets along well with people. • ͑ -㦚 ㈦▪⩂, -㦚 ㈦Ⱒ 㞚┞⧒ ⲎⰂṖ 㤆㑮䞶 ㈦▪⩂ ⏎⩻☚ Ⱔ㧊 䟊㣪. She is not only smart, but also hard-working. ⶒỊ㧊 Ⱔ㦚 ㈦Ⱒ 㞚┞⧒ Ṩ☚ 㕒 Ệ ṯ㞚㣪. It seems that they not only have a lot of stuff, but their prices are cheap as well. • -Ệ┞㢖, -㦒⩺┞㢖 㔲Ṛ☚ 㠜Ệ┞㢖㠜㦒⩺┞㢖 Ⱒ⋮ἶ 㕌㰖☚ 㞠㞚㣪. Not only do I have no time, but I don’t want to see him either.