Expressing condolences and encouragement

4.9 Congratulations and good wishes

• In formal speech or writing 䧂ⰳ㺂 ㌞䟊⯒ ⰴ㞚 ⦑䞮㔲⓪ 㧒 ⳾⚦ 㧊⬾㔲₆ ⹪⧣┞┺. I hope all your wishes for the New Year will come true. ⁒㕂㠜ἶ 䘟䢪⪲㤊 䞲 䟊Ṗ ♮₆⯒ ₆㤦䞿┞┺. I wish you a happy New Year, free of worries and filled with peace. 㫡㦖 㧒 Ⱔ㧊 ㌳₆⓪ ㌞䟊 ⰴ㧊䞮₆ ⹪⧣┞┺. I wish you a happy New Year with lots of good news. 㯦Ệ㤊 ㎇䌚㩞㧊 ♮₆⯒… Wishing you a Merry Christmas… ἆ䢒㦚 㰚㕂㦒⪲ 㿫䞮䞿┞┺. 䟟⽋䞮㎎㣪 Congratulations on your wedding. May your marriage be full of happiness 㞚₆㦮 䌚㌳㦚 㿫䞮✲Ⱃ┞┺. Congratulations on the birth of your new baby. ✳⋾㦚✳⎖⯒ 㿫䞮✲Ⱃ┞┺. Congratulations on your new baby boygirl. • Either in cards or in person ͑ 㫎㠛㦚 㿫䞮䞿┞┺. Congratulations on your graduation. 䞿ỿ㦚 㿫䞮䟊㣪. Congratulations on passing the exam. Ịṫ䞮㎎㣪. Take care. 䋂Ⰲ㓺Ⱎ㓺㿪㍳ 㧮 ⽊⌊㎎㣪. Have a good ChristmasCh’us ǂk. ㌞䟊 ⽋ Ⱔ㧊 ⹱㦒㎎㣪⹱㦒㕃㔲㡺. Happy New Year. 5 Conversational bridges Conversations don’t consist just of complete sentences. Speakers need ways to link their utterances, to indicate surprise, to get people’s attention, and so forth. The appropriate use of these ‘bridges’ makes for more authentic and natural- sounding speech and contributes to smoother communication.

5.1 Fillers

Fillers provide a way to hesitate without ‘losing the floor’ during a conversation. They give speakers a chance to clear their throat, to politely get people’s attention when beginning an utterance, or to think of the right word. • ⁎⩂┞₢, ⁎⩂┞₦ ‘so; let’s see’ ⌊㧒 䊊㯞 ⽊⓪ ⋶㧎◆…⁎⩂┞₢, ἆ㍳㦚 䞮Ỷ┺ 㧊 Ⱖ㧎Ṗ? Tomorrow is our quiz day…so, are you saying that you will be absent from class? 㡗㭒Ṗ 㰖⋲ 㭒㠦 ᾦ䐋 ㌂ἶ⯒ ╏䟞㠊. ⁎⩂┞₦ ゚Ṗ Ⱔ㧊 㡾 㑮㣪㧒㧊㠞⋮ ⽦. Youngjoo got into a car accident last week. Let’s see, I think it was Wednesday, when it rained a lot. • ⁎⩒ ‘well; then’ ⁎⩒ ⡦ 㡆⧓䞮㧦. Well, let’s get in touch again. ⁎⩒ Ⲓ㩖 Ṗ ⽊Ỷ㔋┞┺. Well, excuse me, I will get going first. • ⁎ 㢲…㰖㣪㧬㞚㣪 ‘you know,…’ ㌂㰚 㧊Ⲫ㧒⪲ ⽊⌊㭚₢? 㞚┞Ⳋ..⁎ 㢲… 㣪㯮 㥶䟟䞮⓪ Ệ 㧞㰖? な⪲⁎㧎Ṗ ⶪṖ 䞮⓪ Ệ. Ệ₆┺ 㢂Ⰺ₢? Shall I send you photos by e-mail? Or you know, the thing that is popular these days? Blog or something. Shall I upload the photos there? • ⁎⧮ ‘so…’ to introduce a question ⁎⧮, 㣪㯮 㠊⠑Ợ 㰖⌊? So, how are you doing these days? ⁎⧮, 㠎㩲 ⟶⋶ ㌳ṗ㧊㟒? So, when are you going to leave?