Honorific particles Use of honorifics in several basic expressions

Unmarried female younger looking 䞯㌳, 㞚Ṗ㝾, 㠎┞ Unmarried male younger looking 䞯㌳, 㽳ṗ, 㩠㦖㧊 Older married adult [informal] 㞚㭢Ⱎ㞚㭒Ⲏ┞, 㠎┞, 㞚㩖㝾 Older or socially superior adult ㍶㌳┮ for any profession ㌂㧻┮ usually for business people ㌂⳾┮ married female Very old person 䞶㞚⻚㰖䞶Ⲏ┞ 䞶㞚⻚┮䞶Ⲏ┮ [formal] Technician, including cabbus driver ₆㌂┮, ₆㌂ 㞚㩖㝾 male Customer full name + ㏦┮GG ₖ䡲㍶ ㏦┮ full name + ἶṳ┮GG ₖ䡲㍶ ἶṳ┮ full name + ┮ 㝾 ₖ䡲㍶ ┮㝾 NOTE: Depending on the situation, the term 㞚Ṗ㝾 can be offensive because of its strong association these days with bar hostesses, low-level clerks, etc. On the other hand, many older married females will be happy to be called 㞚Ṗ㝾 instead of 㞚㭢Ⱎ Perhaps for this reason, some people, regardless of gender, like to use 㠎┞ literally a female’s older sister to address almost any female. 3.1.2 Addressing a non-family member who you already know A variety of family terms are used for non-family members to show closeness. Person being addressed Address term Close friends of similar age or younger and children first name + 㞚 㟒 ㎇㻶㞚, ㎇㞚㟒 full name 㰚㎇㻶, 㰚㎇㞚 㟒, 㟮 㟒 㧚Ⱎ㧦㔳㞚 [familiarcasual] 㧊⽦, 㧊 ㌂⧢㞚 among older people Close friends who are somewhat older first name + 䡫 ⑚⋮ 㡆′䡫 ‘male’s older brothersister’ first name + 㡺ザ 㠎┞ ㎇㞚㠎┞ ‘female’s older brothersister’ first name + ㍶⺆G ‘one’s senior at school’ Boyfriendgirlfriend 㧦₆, 㧦₆㟒 first name + 㞚 㟒 㰖㍶㞚, 㡆㰖㟒 first name + 㝾GG[formal] 㡆′㝾 Table continued on the next page Friend’s family friend’s first name + family term 㡗㑯㧊 㠊Ⲏ┞㠊Ⲏ┮, 㡺ザ, etc. NOTE: -㧊 in 㡗㑯㧊 is a particle 19.2.2. Familiar married adult, such as neighbor 㞚㭢Ⱎ㞚㭒Ⲏ┞, 㞚㩖㝾 䞶㞚⻚㰖䞶㞚⻚┮; 䞶Ⲏ┞䞶Ⲏ┮ 㡗Ṧ┮ among very old males Close male adult friend of similar age or younger last name +G䡫GG ₖ䡫 Friend of similar age or younger with whom friendship developed after college full name + 㝾GG ₖ㍶㞚㝾 first name + 㝾GG ㍶㞚㝾 NOTE: See 10.4.4 for discussion of -㝾 . Familiar but much younger person by a senior person e.g., professor to a student name + ῆGGmale ₖῆ, ₖ⹒䢎ῆ, ⹒䢎ῆ name + 㟧GGfemale ₖ㟧, ₖ⹎㞚㟧, ⹎㞚㟧 name 㰚㣿㭒 Older or superior at workplace last name title + ┮G 㧻 ㌂㧻┮, ὓ ⹫㌂┮ full name title + ┮GG 㡺ṫ㧒 ᾦ㑮┮ ㍶⺆┮ ‘one’s senior at school’ Equal at workplace full name + 㝾GG 㩫⹎㞚㝾 Close friend of same age or younger at workplace last name + title ₖὒ㧻, ₖᾦ㑮, ₖ⹫㌂, ┻䎆ₖ foreign first name + title ⪲㓺㍶㌳ Inferior at workplace ⹎㓺 ⹎㓺䎆 + last name Titleless job holder such as janitor last name +G㝾G+ 㞚㩖㝾 㞚㭢Ⱎ ₖ㝾 㞚㩖㝾, ⹫㝾 㞚㭢Ⱎ NOTE 1 : 䡫 may be used by female students for male seniors because 㡺ザ is often used to refer to a boyfriend who happens to be older. NOTE 2 : Calling teachers by their first name or by using ⹎㓺 or ⹎㓺䎆 is not appropriate. The common ways of addressing teachers in English including ⹎㓺 ₖ or ⹎㓺䎆 ₖ are not appropriate in Korean.