How to negate commands and proposals

19.2 -㧊Ṗ

The particle - 㧊Ṗ is primarily used to mark a subject, but it can also mark certain non-subjects. 19.2.1 Use of -㧊VṖ to mark subjects Subjects marked by -㧊Ṗ can be divided into two types – those with no added meaning and those with an added meaning . • With no added meaning -㧊Ṗ indicates a ‘neutral’ subject. 䞲ῃ ἓ㩲Ṗ 䋂Ợ ⹲㩚䟞┺. The Korean economy made great progress. ⍺Ṗ Ⲓ㩖 Ṗ. You go first. 㔳╏㧊 㧮 ♒㣪. The restaurant has good business. This type of subject is commonly omitted when its referent can be inferred from the context. This is especially true when the referent is a person. Even when the noun is retained, the particle can easily be omitted. • With an added meaning -㧊Ṗ adds a sense of focus, newness, or exhaustive listing ‘this and only this’ to the subject. This type of subject CANNOT be omitted. A: 㬚㏷䞿┞┺. I’m sorry. B: 㞚┯┞┺. 㩲Ṗ 㬚㏷䞮㬶. Not at all. I’m the one who is sorry. A: 㠊ⓦ ⋮⧒Ṗ 㤪✲䅋㦚 㭒㾲䟞㬶? Which country hosted the World Cup?

B: 䞲ῃὒ 㧒⽎㧊 䟞㠊㣪.

Korea and Japan did. The following pairs of examples illustrate the contrast between the two types of subjects. The first subject in each pair is neutral – it does not receive any phonetic focus and refers to a specific entity. In contrast, the second subject has an added meaning – it is focused with high pitch. Moreover, when it is a common noun rather than a name or a pronoun, it refers to a general class rather than to a single thing. 㔳╏㧊 㧮 ♒㣪. The restaurant has good business . 㔳╏㧊 㧮 ♒㣪. Restaurants not other things have good business. 㧦⚦Ṗ ⰱ㧞㠊㣪. This plum is delicious. 㧦⚦Ṗ ⰱ㧞㠊㣪. Plums not other fruit are delicious. In all the examples considered so far, -㧊Ṗ can be replaced by the honorific particle -℮㍲ when the referent of the subject is worthy of special deference see 2.4. This is possible only when -㧊Ṗ occurs on a subject; it cannot happen when -㧊Ṗ is used to mark a non-subject, as in the next set of examples. 19.2.2 Use of -㧊VṖ to mark non-subjects In addition to its role as subject marker, -㧊Ṗ has several other functions. It can appear on: • The noun that precedes ♮┺ and 㞚┞┺ ἶ❇䞯ᾦ ☯㺓㧊 㤦㑮Ṗ ♦┺. My high school friend has become my enemy. ⹎ῃ㠦 㡾 㰖 ⁒ 20 ⎚㧊 ♲┺. It’s almost 20 years since I came to the U.S. 䣢Ἒ㌂Ṗ 㞚┞⧒ ⼖䢎㌂㡞㣪. He’s not a CPA, but an attorney. • The direct object of verbs such as 㧞┺, 㠜┺, and 䞚㣪䞮┺ ⋮䞲䎢 㫡㦖 ㌳ṗ㧊 㧞㠊㣪. I have a good idea. 䡚⁞㧊 ⼚⪲ 㠜㠊㣪. I don’t have much cash. ⶊ㠝⽊┺☚ 㔲Ṛ㧊 䞚㣪䞮┺. I need time more than anything. • The direct object of certain psychological verbs 㣪Ⰲ 㧮䞮⓪ ⋾㧦Ṗ 㫡▪⧒. I find that I like men who are good cooks. ⴎⰺ 㫡㦖 ㌂⧢㧊 ⿖⩂㤢㣪. I envy those who have a nice figure. 㰖⍺Ṗ 㩲㧒 ⶊ㍲㤢㣪. I’m most scared of centipedes. 㰖ῂ 㡾⋲䢪Ṗ ⚦⪋㔋┞┺. I fear global warming. 㞚Ⰲ㫆⋮ ₆⎦ὖ㧊 ⽊ἶ 㕌㠊㣪. I’d like to see the Arizona Memorial. NOTE: If these verbs are converted into action verbs by attaching -㠊 䞮┺, as in ⶊ㍲㤢䞮┺ and ⚦⩺㤢䞮┺, the particle has to change to -㦚⯒ 㰖⍺⯒ ⶊ㍲㤢 䞲┺; see section 15.1.2. • Focused possessors ☯㌳㧊 㰧㧊 ▪ 䋂┺. The younger brother’s house is bigger. 㠚ⰞṖ ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䝚㎎㣪. My mom’s head hurts. • Emphatic negation ⼚⪲ ⋮Ṗἶ 㕌㰖Ṗ 㞠㠊. I don’t really want to go out. 㔲ἚṖ 㩫䢫䞮㰖Ṗ 㞠┺. The watch is not accurate.