Statements and questions Kumpulan Buku E-book Gratis Pelajaran Bahasa Korea | Bahasa-Korea.com Using Korean
other will switch to 존댓말 during formal classroom meetings called ‘Home Room’ in Korea.
1.1.3 합니다합니까 style versus 해요 style
The 합니다합니까 style is usually mixed with the 해요 style even in formal situations, except in the case of news broadcasts, ceremonies, job interviews,
public lectures and announcements, and so on, where the 합니다합니까 style is used almost exclusively. In general, the more formal the situation is, the more the
합니다합니까 style will be favored over the 해요 style. Men tend to use the 합니다합니까 style more than women do.
In comparison to the 합니다합니까 style, the more widely used 해요 style
sounds soft and gentle. Most TV talk shows are conducted in the 해요 style, occasionally mixed with the 합니다합니까 style, and it is employed in daily
conversations with adult acquaintances or strangers. It is also used with close friends if the friendship developed after college or in adulthood, and with elder
family members if ‘respect’ is more valued than ‘closeness.’
In addition to its use with verbs, -요 -이요 after a consonant can also be
added to just about any word or phrase that stands alone as a separate utterance 책이요,
교에서요, 그럼요, 건강하시구요. Its effect in such cases is to convert an otherwise casual-sounding utterance into a formal style. Even
아 니다요 is possible, but it should be avoided in formal situations since this pattern is used to casually emphasize the point of view of the speaker or to make
a correction.
1.1.4 해 style versus 한다하니 style
The 해 and 한다하니 styles are often mixed in speech to children and in conversations among children, adolescents, college students, or very close adult
friends of similar age. The 해 style is derivable from the 해요 style by simply dropping -요. The only exception here involves -이다. We say 책이야 and
얼마야 even though their 해요 style versions are 책이에요 and 얼마예요, respectively.
• The 해 style sounds more gentle and intimate, compared to the 한다하니 style. • 하니 style questions are rarely acceptable with older siblings, parents, and
senior friends, even in situations that favor use of 반말. Questions in such situations are better formulated with the 해 style ending – hence 뭐 해? rather
than 뭐 하니?
• Perhaps because it is somewhat blunt-sounding, the 하냐 form is employed more commonly by males. For a different use of 하냐 in indirect quotes, see
22.1.
• The 한다 style is also used, often with a dramatic tone, to express an exclamatory statement that is not intended for anyone in particular 너무
안됐다. ‘That is too bad, I’m sorry to hear that.’.
• As we will see in 22.1, the 한다 style is also used in the expression of reports and
quotes.
1.2 What about commands?
Commands are often made in a more deferential style than statements or questions, with more use of formal endings and of the -시 suffix see 2.1.2.
존댓말 Formal 반말 Casual
하시오 style 해요 style
해 style 해라 style
믿으시오 믿으십시오
믿어요 믿으세요
믿어 믿어라
NOTE: Most descriptive verbs cannot be used as commands exceptions include 겸손해라 ‘be modest’ and 건강하세요 ‘be healthy’. When they have the 해라 ending,
descriptive verbs usually take on an exclamatory meaning 어휴, 기 혀라 ‘How
ridiculous’ or 아이고 추워라 ‘How cold’. • The -으시오 ending is mostly restricted to written signs and instructions in
contemporary Korean. 미시오당기시오.
PushPull. 잔디밭에 들어가지 마시오.
Keep off the grass .
• The -으십시오 ending is used regardless of the addressee’s age or status to convey high formality and deference e.g., in a formal setting, or in the speech
of salespeople and others serving the public. Due to its high formality and somewhat impersonal flavor, it is more often used in business letters or
informational documents than in speaking.
정문을 이용하십시오. Use the front door, please.
영수증을 보관하십시오. Please keep the receipt.
• The -으세요 ending is preferred for a formal but personal command. 이쪽으로 오세요.
Come this way, please. 잠시만 기다리세요.
Just a moment, please. 불고기 2 인분 주세요.
Two orders of pulgogi, please.
• The -어요 ending is used with adult acquaintances or adulthood friends who are not older than the speaker.
이쪽으로 와요. Come this way, please.
잠시만 기다려요. Just a moment, please.
• The 해 style sounds more gentle and intimate, compared to the 해라 style. The 해라 style is rarely acceptable with older siblings, parents, and senior friends,
even in situations that favor use of 반말. Commands in such situations are better formulated in the 해 style – hence 전화해 may be okay while 전화해라
is not.
1.3 What about proposals?
The following table illustrates the four major styles for proposals .
존댓말 Formal 반말 Casual
합시다 style 해요 style
해 style 하자 style
믿읍시다 믿어요
믿어 믿자
NOTE
1
: There are no proposal forms for most descriptive verbs in Korean exceptions include
솔 하자 ‘Let’s be frank’ and 건강합시다 ‘Let’s be healthy’. NOTE
2
: 믿자꾸나 instead of 믿자 may be used by an older person to a much younger person.
• The 합시다 style does not sound as formal as other formal statement or question styles when there is a particular intended audience. Even though it is
employed among people who are on 존댓말 terms, it is not particularly recommended for use with someone who you have just met. It sounds rather
blunt to say 사하러
시다 ‘Let’s go eat’ or 핸드아웃 좀 같이 봅시다 ‘Let’s share the handout’ to someone who you are unfamiliar with even if that
person is your age. The 합시다 style is mostly used among adults of similar age and status who are familiar with each other, especially males.
• The 합시다 style sounds highly formal when the proposal is addressed to a general audience, as in advertisements or in the speech of leaders.
건강은 건강할 때 지킵시다. Let’s protect our health while we are healthy. 불우이웃을 도웁시다.
Let’s help our less fortunate neighbors. 자연을 보호합시다.
Let’s preserve nature. • The -요 ending is softer than the -시다 ending and may be used for gentle
suggestions like 같이 가요 or 같이 가세요 to someone you don’t know well use the latter if the person is older or superior.
• The 하자 style is slightly more casual than the 해 style but is far more frequently used, perhaps because the 해 style can be misinterpreted as a
command.