Negative form, but positive meaning

2.4. This is possible only when -㧊Ṗ occurs on a subject; it cannot happen when -㧊Ṗ is used to mark a non-subject, as in the next set of examples. 19.2.2 Use of -㧊VṖ to mark non-subjects In addition to its role as subject marker, -㧊Ṗ has several other functions. It can appear on: • The noun that precedes ♮┺ and 㞚┞┺ ἶ❇䞯ᾦ ☯㺓㧊 㤦㑮Ṗ ♦┺. My high school friend has become my enemy. ⹎ῃ㠦 㡾 㰖 ⁒ 20 ⎚㧊 ♲┺. It’s almost 20 years since I came to the U.S. 䣢Ἒ㌂Ṗ 㞚┞⧒ ⼖䢎㌂㡞㣪. He’s not a CPA, but an attorney. • The direct object of verbs such as 㧞┺, 㠜┺, and 䞚㣪䞮┺ ⋮䞲䎢 㫡㦖 ㌳ṗ㧊 㧞㠊㣪. I have a good idea. 䡚⁞㧊 ⼚⪲ 㠜㠊㣪. I don’t have much cash. ⶊ㠝⽊┺☚ 㔲Ṛ㧊 䞚㣪䞮┺. I need time more than anything. • The direct object of certain psychological verbs 㣪Ⰲ 㧮䞮⓪ ⋾㧦Ṗ 㫡▪⧒. I find that I like men who are good cooks. ⴎⰺ 㫡㦖 ㌂⧢㧊 ⿖⩂㤢㣪. I envy those who have a nice figure. 㰖⍺Ṗ 㩲㧒 ⶊ㍲㤢㣪. I’m most scared of centipedes. 㰖ῂ 㡾⋲䢪Ṗ ⚦⪋㔋┞┺. I fear global warming. 㞚Ⰲ㫆⋮ ₆⎦ὖ㧊 ⽊ἶ 㕌㠊㣪. I’d like to see the Arizona Memorial. NOTE: If these verbs are converted into action verbs by attaching -㠊 䞮┺, as in ⶊ㍲㤢䞮┺ and ⚦⩺㤢䞮┺, the particle has to change to -㦚⯒ 㰖⍺⯒ ⶊ㍲㤢 䞲┺; see section 15.1.2. • Focused possessors ☯㌳㧊 㰧㧊 ▪ 䋂┺. The younger brother’s house is bigger. 㠚ⰞṖ ⲎⰂṖ 㞚䝚㎎㣪. My mom’s head hurts. • Emphatic negation ⼚⪲ ⋮Ṗἶ 㕌㰖Ṗ 㞠㠊. I don’t really want to go out. 㔲ἚṖ 㩫䢫䞮㰖Ṗ 㞠┺. The watch is not accurate. Use of -㧊 as a name particle The particle -㧊 is added to a Korean first name that ends in a consonant, usually when the person being referred to is a child or a close friendsibling of a similar age or younger. ⹎㍶ 㧊Ṗ ㍳䤞㧊⯒ Ⱒ⋮⩂ 㢪㠊. Miseon came to see Seokhoon. 㡗⹎䞮ἶ ㏢㡗㧊䞮ἶ 㕎㤶╖. I heard that Youngmee and Soyoung had a fight. A: 㧊Ệ 㰚㍳㧊 ⳾㧦㡞㣪? B: 㞚┞, ₆㻶㧊Ệ㟒. A: Is this Jinseok’s hat? B: No, it’s Kichul’s. A: ㍶㡗㧊Ṗ 䡚㰚㝾䞲䎢 㼃䢒䟞┺Ⳇ? B: 㞚┞㟒. 䡚㰚㝾Ṗ ㍶㡗㧊䞲䎢 㼃䢒㦚 䟞㰖. A: I heard that Sunyoung proposed to Hyunjin, is that true? B: No, that’s not true. It was Hyunjin who proposed to Sunyoung. NOTE: The name particle is attached only to Korean names, not to foreign names: Ⱎ㧊䋊㧊 㥢Ⰲ㠚㦚 Ⱒ⋮⩂ 㢪㠊. ‘Michael came to see William.’ The -㧊 in ‘Ⱎ㧊䋊㧊’ is a subject particle.

19.3 -㦖⓪

The particle -㦖⓪ is known to be difficult for English speakers, and perfect mastery cannot be achieved in a short period of time. However, the following information should be helpful in understanding its fundamentals. Put simply, -㦖⓪ has two basic uses: • Marking a topic that appears at the beginning of the sentence and that indicates what the sentence is about. • Marking an element that is to be contrasted with other elements. When used on a word that is not at the beginning of the sentence, -㦖⓪ is always contrastive, as in 㡗䧂Ṗ 㠒Ὴ㦖 㡞㊮┺. When it appears on an element at the beginning of a sentence, it can mark a topic or it may signal a contrast – sometimes both, depending on the context and the content of the sentence. The following interpretations are based on the most likely scenario. 㡺⓮㦖 㩫₆ 䦊㧒㧛┞┺. Today is a regular holiday. topic 㡺⓮㦖 ⹪ザ㍲ 㞞 ♒㣪. TODAY is not possible because I’m busy. contrast