How to express proportions and gradation

㹾Ṗ Ⱏ䧞▮◆…㠊⠑Ợ 㧊⩝Ợ 㧒㹣 ☚㹿䟞┞? I noticed that the traffic was slow… how did you arrive this early? 䞲ῃ ㌳䢲㧊 ⻢㖾 15 ⎚㧎◆…䞲ῃⰦ 㥶㺓䞲 Ệ㟒 ╏㡆䞮㰖. I’ve lived in Korea 15 years already…my Korean should be fluent, of course. 㧷㺚 Ⱒ✲⓪◆…㢖㍲ ⲏ㠊⧒. We’re making chapch’ae…come over and eat it. NOTE: -⓪ ◆ written with an intervening space: ‘in doing…’ 㧷㺚 Ⱒ✲⓪ ◆ ⶦⶦ ✺㠊Ṗ㰖? What goes into making chapch’ae? • -┞₢, -㠞▪┞ Both are used only with first person, except in questions to indicate situations in which one discovers something. Usually, -㠞▪┞ is not natural for a state that is brought about without the subject’s action – only -┞₢ is appropriate for the first three sentences below. -┞ can be used instead of -┞₢, but is less common and less colloquial. 㰧㠦 㠜⓪ Ệ ⽊┞₢ 䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṫ⋮ ⽊┺. He’s not home; looks like he’s gone to school. 䂲ῂ⧧ 䞲 㧪 䞮┺ ⽊┞₢ ⻢㖾 12 㔲Ṗ ⍮㦖 Ệ 㧞㬶. I was drinking with a friend and before I knew it, it was past midnight. 㣪㯮 ἓ㩲Ṗ 㞞 㫡┺ ⽊┞₢ ㌂⧢✺ 㧎㕂☚ Ⱔ㧊 ṗ⹫䟊㪢㠊㣪. The economy is so bad these days that people have become very ungenerous. Ⱏ㌗ Ṗ ⽊┞₢⽺▪┞ ㌳ṗ⽊┺ 㠊⩺㤊 㩦㧊 Ⱔ▪⧒ῂ㣪. When I actually went there, I noticed that many things were tougher than I thought. 㞢ἶ ⽊┞₢⽺▪┞ 㡆㧎㌂㧊Ṗ 㞚┞⧒ ⁎⌻ 䂲ῂ⧮㣪. As I found out, they are not romantic partners but just friends. Ἒ㌆䟊 ⽊┞₢⽺▪┞ 㧊 ╂㠦⓪ 㑮㧛⽊┺ 㰖㿲㧊 ▪ Ⱔ㞮㠊㣪. I did calculations and found out we had more expenses than income this month. ₆℥ 㺔㞚 ⏩㦒┞₢⏩㞮▪┞ 䞚㣪㠜╖. I managed to find it for him after much trouble; and now he says he doesn’t need it. ⼧㤦㠦 Ṗ┞₢Ṫ▪┞ 㦮㌂Ṗ ⶦ⧮㣪? You went to the hospital; so what did the doctor say? • -㦖 㯟, -Ị╖ ⁎㴓 㟮₆⯒ ✺㠊 ⽎ 㯟, 㠋㤎䞮Ợ ⑚ⳛ㦚 㗒▪⧒ῂ㣪. As I heard the other side’s story, I found out that they were falsely accused. ⌊Ṗ 㧻╊䞮Ị╖ ⁎ 㡗䢪⓪ ⹮✲㔲 䧞䔎䞶 Ệ㟒. I guarantee the movie will be a hit. ⌊Ṗ 㡞㠎䞮Ị╖ 1 ⎚ 㞞㠦 䋆 㰖㰚㧊 ⹲㌳䞶 ộ㧊┺. I predict there will be a big earthquake within a year. 21.2.2 Time: simultaneity • -㦒Ⳋ㍲ ‘while; as’ The two clauses that are connected by these forms typically share a subject. 㦒Ⳇ can be used instead of 㦒Ⳋ㍲ but is less common and less colloquial. 㦢㞛㦚 ✺㦒Ⳇ Ὃ⿖䞮⓪ ⻚⯝㧊 㧞┺. I have a habit of studying while listening to music. 㧶ↂ╖⯒ 䞮Ⳋ㍲ 㧮 㧦▪⧒. I saw you sleeping very well while sleep-talking. 㧒㹣 ✺㠊 㡺Ỷ┺ ⁎⩂Ⳋ㍲  䧞 ⋮Ṫ㠊㣪. He went out hurriedly, saying that he’ll be home early. ἓ₆Ṗ 㞛䢪♮Ⳋ㍲ 䟊㣎㡂䟟 㧎ῂṖ ⿖㲣 㭚㠞┺. As the economy worsened, the number of people traveling abroad plummeted. • ͑ -㦚 ➢, -㦚 㩗㠦 ‘when’ 㡂䟟Ṟ ➢ ゚㌗⁞㦚 Ↄ 㺯Ỿ Ṗ㎎㣪. Make sure to take emergency money when you travel. 䞒Ἲ䞶 ➢⓪ 䟃㌗ 㹲㰞⹿㠦 Ṗ⓪ Ợ 㔋ὖ㧊 ♦㠊㣪. Going to a sauna every time I feel tired has become my habit. 㔲Ṛ 㧞㦚 ➢Ⱎ┺ 䞲ῃ㠊⯒ Ὃ⿖䞮⩺ἶ 䞿┞┺. I intend to study Korean whenever I have time. 㠊⪎㦚 㩗㠦 䂲ῂ✺ὒ 㑾⹪Ↄ㰞㦚 㧦㭒 䟞┺. I often played hide-and-seek when I was little. • ͑ -☯㞞㠦, -㌂㧊㠦 ‘during’ -☯㞞 can be for any amount of time, but -㌂㧊 is usually a short while. Ὃ㌂䞮⓪ ☯㞞 㿲㧛㦚 ㌒Ṗ䟊 㭒㔲₆ ⹪⧣┞┺. Please keep out of the place during construction. Ἒ㌆╖㠦㍲ ₆┺Ⰲ⓪ ☯㞞 䢎₆㕂㠦 㺛㦚 ✺㼦⽊₆ 㔲㧧䟞┺. I started leafing through the book out of curiosity while waiting at the cashier’s. 䂲ῂṖ 㧒㦚 ⽊⓪ ㌂㧊☯㞞 ㍲㩦㠦 Ṗ㍲ 㔲Ṛ㦚 ➢㤶┺. I went to a bookstore and killed time while my friend was taking care of her errand. ⑞ ₲㰳䞶 ㌂㧊㠦 ⻢㠊㰚 㧒㧊㠦㣪. It’s something that happened in the blink of an eye. • ͑ -㭧㠦, -☚㭧㠦 ‘in the middle of’ Both indicate that something occurs in the middle of an action, but -☚㭧㠦 emphasizes that the action expressed in the first clause is interrupted. ⹪㊮㔶 㭧㠦 㔲Ṛ㦚 ⌊ 㭒㎪㍲ Ṧ㌂䞿┞┺. Thank you for taking time out for me when you are busy.