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3 Address terms and pronouns As with verb forms, the choice of address terms and pronouns is conditioned by the speaker’s relationship with the person to whom she is speaking or referring, as well as by the situation. These are highly important matters in Korean society: the wrong choice may negatively affect one’s career as well as personal relationships.

3.1 Address terms

䢎䃃 Koreans typically address each other by name with an appropriate suffix or by title also with an appropriate suffix; see 10.4.4. The choice of address term is determined by the gender of the person being addressed, his or her relationship to the speaker, and his or her apparent age relative to the speaker. In general, address terms tend to be words with elevated or affectionate connotations. Thus ₆㌂┮ ‘technician’ is preferred to the plainer and more literal 㤊㩚㌂ 㞚㩖㝾 for driver, and 㠎┞ ‘older sister’ is more welcome than the literal 㢂䅖 for an older sister-in-law. 3.1.1 Addressing an unfamiliar person or a stranger The most appropriate way to get the attention of someone who you do not know personally a waitress in a restaurant, or a stranger on the street is to use any of the following hedging expressions: 㩖₆㣪 and 㡂₆㣪, if it’s a restaurant 㩖… 㩖 㔺⪖㰖Ⱒ… 㩖 㬚㏷䞮㰖Ⱒ… 㡂⽊㎎㣪 when you have to shout to be heard When a specific address term is called for, one of the following is generally appropriate. Person being addressed Address term Child ↂⰞ㟒, 㟮㟒 Student younger looking 䞯㌳G Unmarried female younger looking 䞯㌳, 㞚Ṗ㝾, 㠎┞ Unmarried male younger looking 䞯㌳, 㽳ṗ, 㩠㦖㧊 Older married adult [informal] 㞚㭢Ⱎ㞚㭒Ⲏ┞, 㠎┞, 㞚㩖㝾 Older or socially superior adult ㍶㌳┮ for any profession ㌂㧻┮ usually for business people ㌂⳾┮ married female Very old person 䞶㞚⻚㰖䞶Ⲏ┞ 䞶㞚⻚┮䞶Ⲏ┮ [formal] Technician, including cabbus driver ₆㌂┮, ₆㌂ 㞚㩖㝾 male Customer full name + ㏦┮GG ₖ䡲㍶ ㏦┮ full name + ἶṳ┮GG ₖ䡲㍶ ἶṳ┮ full name + ┮ 㝾 ₖ䡲㍶ ┮㝾 NOTE: Depending on the situation, the term 㞚Ṗ㝾 can be offensive because of its strong association these days with bar hostesses, low-level clerks, etc. On the other hand, many older married females will be happy to be called 㞚Ṗ㝾 instead of 㞚㭢Ⱎ Perhaps for this reason, some people, regardless of gender, like to use 㠎┞ literally a female’s older sister to address almost any female. 3.1.2 Addressing a non-family member who you already know A variety of family terms are used for non-family members to show closeness. Person being addressed Address term Close friends of similar age or younger and children first name + 㞚 㟒 ㎇㻶㞚, ㎇㞚㟒 full name 㰚㎇㻶, 㰚㎇㞚 㟒, 㟮 㟒 㧚Ⱎ㧦㔳㞚 [familiarcasual] 㧊⽦, 㧊 ㌂⧢㞚 among older people Close friends who are somewhat older first name + 䡫 ⑚⋮ 㡆′䡫 ‘male’s older brothersister’ first name + 㡺ザ 㠎┞ ㎇㞚㠎┞ ‘female’s older brothersister’ first name + ㍶⺆G ‘one’s senior at school’ Boyfriendgirlfriend 㧦₆, 㧦₆㟒 first name + 㞚 㟒 㰖㍶㞚, 㡆㰖㟒 first name + 㝾GG[formal] 㡆′㝾 Table continued on the next page