RESULT AND DISCUSSION 1 Zoning function of urban forest in low laying coastal city
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598 Data was analyzed by descriptive qualitative include:
a. Biophysical Environment, to obtain information about the carrying capacity of the physical environment, knowing the type and condition of flora and fauna that can be planted as a
mascot of the area. b. Facilities and supporting infrastructures, to know the functions and use of facilities and
infrastructure existence. c. The pattern of land usage, to see the trend of land use in the urban forest.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Zoning function of urban forest in low laying coastal city
Koddeng 2011 has developed a zoning system for coastal areas in Makasar based on disaster mitigation. The concept of zoning system for urban forest proposed by this study were the
protection zone, the zone of accommodation, and relocation zone.Based on the function and location of urban forest is divided into five, namely: 1 settlement urban forest, 2 industrial
urban forest, 3 tourismrecreation, 4 conservation urban forest, and 5 urban forest in the centers of activities, while the forms of urban forests can be a green belt, parks, gardens and
courtyards, botanical gardens, and protected areas Dahlan, 2011 3.1.1
Green open space RTH of Bengkulu Bengkulu city is the capital of Bengkulu province, located on the west coast of Sumatra and is
geographically located between 3 ° 45-3 ° 59 latitude and 102 ° 14 - 102 ° 22 East Longitude with an area of 539.3 km2 consists of land area 151, 7 km2, sea area of 387.6 km2 and 525 km
long coast. Bengkulu city was chosen to be the location of the study because it has a coastline of 7 km which is the longest beach in Indonesia. Hence the Bengkulu city can be categorized
as a low laying coastal city. Based on Act Number 26 of 2007, RTH is an elongated or a line area as a place to grow
plants, whether naturally grown or planted. On RTRW of Bengkulu city 2012- 2032, Bengkulu has a RTH covering 19.6 of the total area of the city consists of 14 a public RTH and
5.6 private RTH. Public RTH is a green open space owned and managed by the city government that is used for public benefits which consists of:
a. The city park, approximately 24 hectares b. Crossroads Parks Taman Simpang, approximately 0.3 hectares
c. The environmental park, approximately 148 hectares d. The border of Air Line High Voltage SUTT, rivers, beaches and lakes, approximately
1.706 acres e. The median, approximately 22 hectares
f. Urban forest, approximately 180 hectares, and g. Burial, approximately 50 hectares
Private RTH is a green open space belonged to a private institution or individual who for a limited purposes. Private RTH in the Bengkulu city consists of:
a. Backyard area, approximately 632 ha; b. Trade and services area, approximately 18 ha;
c. Tourism designation area, approximately lebih10 ha; d. Industrial designation area approximately 13 ha;
e. City offices area, approximately 42 ha; and f. Other uses such as district designation area of health education, worship, ports and
terminals, and the landfill area, approximately 131 ha.
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
599 The proper management of RTH is expected to provide great benefits for urban communities,
such as beautifying the city, refreshing city air, reducing noise, absorbing and adsorbing pollutants, a means of recreation, research and habitat for organisms Dahlan, 2004.
3.1.2 Actual condition and management of urban forest in Bengkulu City
The management of RTH has been done in coordination among SKPDs either the city administration or the provincial government authorized including Planning Agency
BAPPEDA, the Forest Service, and the Landscape and Environmental Sanitation Department, and for some places, the Department of Tourism and Transportation also
contribute in providing public facilities, especially in tourist areas.
Basically urban forest can improve the quality of life in urban and livelihoods either tangible food, energy, timber, pasture or intangible environmental services, social benefits. Evidence
suggests that the urban city forest can play an active role in providing goods and services to reduce poverty, livelihoods, and increase prosperity in developing countries Kuchelmeister,
2001. Based on the form and function, there are several kinds of urban forest in the Bengkulu city which are:
1. The Median is an urban forest that has security functions, such as shading the main streets of the Bengkulu city
2. City Park is an urban forest that has tourism function. The crops are planted and arranged to create the beauty of the city e.g. Taman Remaja, Taman Nusa Indah, Taman Tapak Padri.
3. Zoo is Animal Park of Bengkulu city added to one form of urban forest because there are various types of crops as shade plant.
4. Gardens and yard are categorized into settlement urban forests because it serves as a shade in a dense residential area. Types of trees planted in this area can produce fruit.
5. Conservation urban forest that serves for the preservation of the soil and water as well as biological diversity especially in coastal areas e.g. Pantai Panjang Park, Pantai Panjang
Natural Park, and sanctuary of Desa Dusun Besar Dendam Tak Sudah Lake.
a Taman Remaja b Taman Satwa
c Median d Pantai Panjang Park
Figure 1: Forms of urban forest in the Bengkulu city
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600 The types of plants cultivated along the coastal line are Cemara Laut Casuarina equisetifolia and
Ketapang Terminalia catapa, while on the median and parks are Angsana Pterocarpus indicus, glodokan tiang Polyanthia longifolia, Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla, Pucuk Merah Syzygium
sp., Asam Keranji Pithecellobium dulce and Tanjung Mimusops elengi. Some forms of urban forest in the Bengkulu city are presented in Figure 1.
Legally in accordance with Regulation number 63 2002, the Bengkulu city has not urban forests yet. It only has urban forest belonged to a University of Bengkulu, 180 hectares. The
absence of urban forest is because of land tenure. Therefore the areas that have been designated to be the urban forest based Perwali 2010 cannot be developed. In addition, the
existing riparian areas in the city are also not well developed because there are many settlements on the river bank that are difficult to be relocated.
In the future the panning for development of the urban forest is located in Muara Bangkahulu sub-district, 180 hectares. The development of public RTH in the Bengkulu city is expected to
reach 20.35 or covering 3,087 hectares, more detail presented in Table 2. Table 2: Development plan of public RTH
No Type of RTH Size Ha
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 State Parks
Crossroads Parks Environment Parks
Border of High Voltage Air Line SUTT Median
Urban Forest Cemetery Parks
Green Belt Nature Reserve Green Belt Nature Park
24 0.3
148 1.896
107 294
50 503
65
Source: RTRW of Bengkulu City 2012-2032
The future development of private RTH is expected to reach 10.4 of the city area, which is an area of approximately 1,582 hectares. A detailed plan of development of private RTH is
presented in Table 3. Table 3: Development plan of private RTH
No
Type of RTH Size Ha
1 2
3 4
5 6
Yard Trade and services
Tourism Industry
Offices Other Designation Region Education, Health, Worship, Ports and
Terminals, landfills 632
143 105
40 169
493
Source: RTRW of Bengkulu City 2012-2032 3.2 Zoning function of urban forest in landlocked city
Wirakusumah 1987 in Samsoedin and Waryono 2010 mentioned that the benefits of urban forests are as an antidote to the solid grains of dust pollution, city ventilation, anti glare, lungs
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
601 of the city, an antidote to the noise, waste water controlling, reducing stress, and overcoming
the intrusion of sea waters. Research conducted by Lukmanto 2012 in the Pati city, Central Java, concluded that there are three urban forest zoning, ie vegetation zones, parking zones
and business zones. While Rushayati, et al. 2010 mentioned that there are three zones of forest development in the city of Bandung based air pollution levels, i.e. zone 1 with the high
rank of the pollutants, zone 2 with the medium rank of pollutant and zone 3 being the low pollutant levels.
3.2.1
RTH in the Lubuk Linggau city Lubuk Linggau city was chosen to be one of the study sites because it has a geostrategic
position. It is located in the intersection line that connects South Sumatra province, Bengkulu province, Lampung Province, and the other regions in the northern part of the Sumatra
Island. Thus, it becomes a transit town or city with a wide range of social, economic and cultural. The development of the Lubuk Linggau city follows the main road network patterns
linear. This is because the city is located at the crossing line between regions and regional road network Trans Sumatra.
Lubuk Linggau city is located in the western part of the South Sumatra Province with geographically situated between 102
o
40 - 103
o
00 BT and 3
o
410 - 3
o
2230 LS with boundaries Musi Rawas Regency in the North, Musi Rawas Regency and Bengkulu province
the South while the East is bordered by Musi Rawas and in the west borders the Bengkulu province. The total area of the Lubuk Linggau city by Act No.7 2001 is 401.50 km
2
or 40,150 hectares with an altitude of 129 m above sea level.
According to Dahlan 2011, RTH is an important thing in the development of the city because it has various functions such as 1 The identity of the city, 2 the aesthetic value, 3
Absorption of carbon dioxide, 4 Preservation of land water, 5 Windbreaks, 6 Climate amelioration, 7 wildlife habitat, 8 Limited Production economic benefits. Land use in the
Lubuk Linggau city currently is divided into protected forest and cultivated areas. The use of land for protected areas involves protected forests, local protection, RTH, heritage, and
disasters-prone areas. Protected forest area in Lubuk Linggau city is divided into 2 which are 1 Bukit Cogong Lubuk protected forest in the sub district of North Lubuk Linggau I with an
area of ± 644.29 Ha, and 2 Bukit Sulap protected forest in the sub district of North Lubuklinggau II and sub West Lubuklinggau II with area of ± 6,616 Ha Figure 2. Lubuk
Linggau is passed 13 rivers with a total area of 833 Ha. Based on Spatial Plan RTRW 2012-2032, there are two kinds of RTH which public RTH and
private RTH. Public RTH that has existed in the Lubuk Linggau city covers an area of 60 hectares or ± 0.15 of the city area consisting of 40 Ha of median, river border of 6 ha and
railroad border area of 14 ha. Public RTH development plan will cover an area of ± 8,111 ha or 20.2 of the city area which consists of the RT Park 288 ha, Village Park 72 ha, the sub
District Park 24 ha, City Parks 6 Ha, Cemetery Park 17 Ha, Urban Forest60 hectares, Bukit Cogong Protected Forest 644.29 Ha, Median 1,058 Ha, River Border 833 ha, SUTT
Border 101 Ha, Railroad Border 49 ha, and Green Belts 5603 Ha. In actual, Lubuk Linggau city has public RTH approximately 60 hectares or 0.15 of the city area which
consists of: a. Median approximately 40 hectares
b. River Border area approximately 6 hectares c. Railroad Border area approximately 14 hectares
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602 a Bukit Cogong Protected Forest
b Bukit Sulap Protected Forest Figure 2: Protected forest areas in Lubuk Linggau city
Figure 3: Taba Baru urban forest Green urban forest is essentially a vast expanse of green area with a minimum of 0.25 ha in
urban areas Samsoedin and Waryono, 2010. Target locations are urban forest conservation area. The plan of private RTH development is 3352.52 ha or 10 of the city area, which
includes yard, public services and transport 3,189 Ha, trade and services area 32 Ha, industrial area 104 ha, and offices 27 ha. Private RTH in Lubuk Linggau currently covers
an area approximately 137 hectares or 0.41 of the city area consisting of:
a. Yard of the residence, public services and transportation area approximately 105 hectares. b. Trade and services area of approximately 17 hectares.
c. Industrial area approximately 1 hectare, and d. Office area approximately 14 hectares.
In addition, the natural preserve region and cultural heritage in the Lubuk Linggau city are Kerinci National Park TNKS, World Wide Ulak Kuto, Subkos Garuda Museum, and custom
conservation area. The natural disaster-prone areas cover an area of 2,880 ha of Bukit Sulap. In other hand, there are cultivation areas including residential, government and office
buildings, trade and services, industry, agriculture, plantation, fisheries, and other public facilities.
3.2.2
The conditions of Urban Forest in the Lubuk Linggau City In PP 63 of 2002 on the urban forest, the urban forest is an area where trees grow compact
and dense in urban areas both on state land and private land which are designated as an urban forest by a government authority. The location of urban forests is part of the RTH in urban
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603 areas. Based on the results of this study, there is no urban forest according the PP number
632002. It has been developed urban forest namely Taba Baru but the condition is neglected due to unclear land tenure Figure 3.
Although it has not urban forest yet, there is the city park serving to beautify the city and to make it more comfortable. There are 32 city parks spread out in the city areas with a total area
of 16 148 m
2
DKP, 2014. The best city park is the city office park with an area of 1,800 m
2
. Some trees cultivated on it are Krey Payung Fillicium decipiens, Glodokan Tiang Polyanthia
longifolia and Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla. The local government is currently preparing Lubuk Linggau city into the Green City. In 2015 it will be built the city park covering 288
hectares complete with a variety of amenities and 60 hectares of urban forest in the sub district of North Lubuk Linggau I. Those will be complemented with camping ground. This is
a continuation of the urban forest development project abandoned due to land tenure. The management of the urban forest in Lubuk Linggau city is under inter-agency
coordination. BAPPEDA serves as spatial planners which work based on input from various departments. The department of Food Crops, Plantation and Forestry provides seedling to be
planted. The department of Environmental Sanitation and Landscape serves as manager. Unfortunately, it does not work well. These agencies work base on their own program only.
Hence, sometimes to determine the species for urban forest did not consider the biophysical condition but it base on availability of seedling only. In addition, RTH in the form of the
Nature Park was managed by the Kerinci National Park Sebelat TNKS because the area is forest area.