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401
15.99 15.45
18.67 16.72
16.79
2 4
6 8
10 12
14 16
18 20
E x
tr a
ct iv
e C
o n
te n
t
Solvent
the LC
50
and LC
90
value that indicates the number concentration in µg ml which causes 50 and 90 mortality mosquito larvae within 24 hours.
2.5 Data analysis The relative levels of 2-methyl-anthraquinone obtained directly after testing Pyr-GC-MS.
Correlation between mortality with concentrations of 2-methyl-anthraquinone is determined by a simple regression using Microsoft Excel 2007. Determination of the lethal concentration
50 LC
50
and lethal concentration 90 LC
90
effect on the mortality of larvae of the dengue mosquito A. aegypti instra-IV with probit analysis method using the software Minitab
14 for Windows.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Extract levels
There are differences in the amount of teak wood extracts being isolated by using ethanol and toluene with different composition ratio Figure 1. Solvent mixture of ethanol and toluene
with a mixture ratio of 2:1 resulted in the highest levels of extract 18.67 compared to other solvent is ethanol 15.99, ethanol toluene 1:1 15:45, ethanoltoluene 1:2 16, 79,
and ethanoltolena 3:1 16.72.
Figure 1: Extract levels from different solvent The above data indicate that the extractive substances in teak wood has a composition in the
form of compounds that are polar and non-polar solvent dissolved in a mixture of ethanol and toluene. In ethanol toluene 2:1 are polar compounds more isolate than non-polar
compounds, and get high levels of the total extractive. Alcohol as a solvent can extracting compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, tannins, flavonoids. Toluene as the solvent can
extract resin compounds, oils, fats and waxes Fengel and Wegener 1989. Extract concentration can not be used to determine the most effective type of solvent to extract teak
with highest levels of 2-methyl-anthraquinone, since not necessarily at higher levels of the extract also contains high levels of 2-methyl-anthraquinone is also high.
3.2 Levels 2-Methyl-anthraquinone in extract Determination of 2-methyl-anthraquinone contained in teak wood extracts using a Gas
Chromatography Mass spectrophotometer GC-MS with pyrolisis method. The relative concentration of 2-methyl-anthraquinone in teak wood extracts with different solvents are
presented in Table 1.
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402
17.85 35.03
27.65 21.02
20.51
5 10
15 20
25 30
35 40
Etanol 1 EtanolToluen
3:1 EtanolToluen
2:1 EtanolToluen
1:1 EtanolToluen
1:2
2 -M
e th
y la
n th
ra q
u in
o n
C o
n te
n t
Solvent
Tabel 1: Levels 2-Methyl-Anthraquinone No
Solvent 2-Mehthyl-Anthraquinone
1 Etanol
17.85 2
EtanolToluena 3:1 35.03
3 EtanolToluena 2:1
27.65 4
EtanolToluena 1:1 21.02
5 EtanolToluena 1:2
20.51 Compounds extracted in different compositions can show chemical properties of these
compounds. Differences in the relative levels of each compound can be dissolved due to each compound has a certain solubility properties. Based on the difference in the comparison of
solvent used, indicate that the 2-methyl-anthraquinone to be semipolar Figure 2.
Figure 2: Levels 2-Methl-Anthraquinone
Figure 3: Chromatogram GC-MS assay results The relative concentration of 2-methyl-anthraquinone is highest in teak extracts were isolated
by using ethanoltoluene 3:1 35.03. Domination 2-methyl-anthraquinone on teak extracts were isolated with ethanoltoluene 3:1 shown in chromatogram GC-MS assay results Figure
3.
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403
10 30
50 90
100 100
20 40
60 80
100 120
1 2,5
5 7,5
10 12.5
15 Temephos Kontrol
M o
rt a
li ta
s
Bio-active concentration µgml
Temephos Kontrol
Tectoquinone
y = 7.8508x - 22.86 R² = 0.8898
20 40
60 80
100 120
2.5 5
7.5 10
12.5 15
17.5
M o
rt a
li ty
Concentration µgml
Solvent mixture of ethanol toluene 3:1 is polar more than toluene. The compound 2- methyl-anthraquinone is a phenolic who have semi non-polar Ohi 2001, but the compound
2-methyl-anthraquinone can isolated by the of the polar solvent is more dominant than the non-polar. This means that the compound 2-methyl-anthraquinone have hydrophilic.Karena
properties hydrophilic properties, 2-methyl-anthraquinone more easily dissolved in water so that it can be directly applied to habitats A. aegypti mosquito larvae.
Figure 4: Dengue mosquito larvae mortality based on the concentration of the active compound
Figure 5. Correlation concentration of 2-methyl-anthraquinone with mosquito larvae mortality
3.3 Mortality Levels of Aedes aegypti larvae
Extract teak wood cause mortality mosquito larvae with concentration equivalent 2-methyl- anthraquinone in 5 µgml, and continued to increase with increasing concentration. At
concentrations below 5 µgml, the extract identity has not effect to the mosquito larvae mortality, while the mosquito larvae mortality of 100 was obtained at a concentration of 2-
methyl-anthraquinone equivalent in 15 µgml Figure 4. While, commercial insecticide Abate with the active compound temephos 1 on all tested concentrations causing larvae of A.
aegypti death in 100, while the solvent DMSO as a negative control did not cause the death of mosquito larvae.
In general, the mortality rate of mosquito larvae A.aegypti correlated with an increase in the concentration of the active compound Figure 5. This is caused by the activity of 2-methyl-
anthraquinone which is the main active compound in the extract teak. 2-methyl-anthraquinone
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
404 is one type of quinone, which quinones are compounds that are toxic to larvae of the dengue
mosquito Mulyana 2002, Cheng et al., 2003, Chapagain et al. 2008.
Based on Probit analysis using the software Minitab 14 for Windows, LC
50
and LC
90
values obtained to extract the active compound teak with 2-methyl-anthraquinone of 9.69 µgml and
12.68 µgml. LC
50
and LC
90
values based on the shows that extracts of identity with the active compound 2-methyl-anthraquinone is highly toxic to mosquito larvae instar A. aegypti-IV for
causing mortality of 50 and 90 of the total population at low concentrations. LC
50
values obtained from extracts of identity with the active compound 2-methyl-anthraquinone into the
standard for nature larvicides pure is between 0.1 ppm - 40 ppm Geris et al. 2008 in Andriani 2008. Althoµgh the effectiveness of the extract teak value is still lower than the
commercial insecticide active ingredient temephos LC
50
values 9.69 µg ml and LC
90
12.68 µg ml is a lethal concentration values of the compound 2-methyl-anthraquinone. This value
is equivalent to 27.66 mg ml LC
50
and 36.19 µg ml LC
90
extract teak. If converted into teak powder, the value equivalent to 165.43 µg ml LC
50
and 216.45 µg ml LC
90
. 4. CONCLUSION
Teak wood extract contains 2-methyl-anthraquinone with relative high levels of identity. Extract LC
50
and LC
90
values of 9.69 µg ml and 12.68 µg ml and toxic to larvae of dengue mosquito. Teak wood extract containing 2-methylanthraquione can be used as a
potential new larvicide as controlling mosquito vectors of dengue fever.
REFERENCES
Andriani, A. 2008. Uji potensi larvasida fraksi ekstrak daun Clinacanthus nutans L. terhadap larva instar III nyamuk Aedes aegypti [Skripsi]. Bogor : FMIPA IPB.
Chapagain, B.P., Saharan, V., Wiesman, Z. 2008. Larvacidal activity of saponins Balanites aegyptiaca callus againts Aedes aegypti mosquito. Bioresources Technology 99: 1165-1168.
Cheng, S.S., Huang, C.G., Chen, W.J., Kuo, Y.H., Chang, S.T. 2008. Larvicidal activity of tectoquinone isolated from red heartwood-type Cryptomeria japonica againts two mosquito
species. Bioresources Technology 99: 3617-3622. Cheng, S.S., Chang, H.T., Chang, S.T., Tsai, K.H., Cheng, W.J. 2003. Bioactivity of
selected plant essential oils againts the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti larvae. Bioresources Technology 89: 99-102.
[Depkes] Departemen Kesehatan. 2014. Profil kesehatan Indonesia 2014. Depkes. 252-253. Fengel, D., Wegener, G. 1995. Kayu: kimia, ultrastruktur, reaksi-reaksi. [Terjemahan dari
Wood: chemistry, ultrastucture, reactions]. Sastrohamidjojo H penerjemah. Yogyakarta : µGM Press.
Geris, R., Rodriguez, E., Da Silva, H.H.G., Da Silva, I.G. 2008. Larvacidal effects of Fungal Monoterpenoids in the Control of Aedes aegypti L., in the Main Vector of Dengue
and Yellow Fever. Chem Biodiv 5: 341-345. Haupt, M., Leithoff, M.D., Puls, J., Richter, H.G., Faix, O. 2003. Heartwood extractives
and natural durability of plantation-grown teakwood Tectona grandis l. – a case study.
Holz Roh Werkst 61: 473-474. Lukmandaru, G., Takahashi, K. 2008. Variation in the natural termite resistance of teak
Tectona grandis Linn. Fil. wood as a function of tree age. Ann. For. Sci. 657: 708-716. Lukmandaru, G., Takahashi, K. 2009. Radial distribution of quinones in plantation teak
Tectona grandis L.f.. Ann. For. Sci. 666: 605-614.
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kecubung sebagai larvisida dan insektisida terhadap nyamuk Aedes aegypti [Skripsi]. Bogor : FMIPA IPB.
Ohi, H. 2001. Rapid analysis of 2-methyl-anthraquinone in tropical hardwoods and its effects n polysulfide-AQ pulping. 11
th
International Symposium of Wood and Pulping Chemistry. Nice- France, June 11-14, 2001.
Sjostrom, E. 1991. Kimia kayu, dasar-dasar dan penggunaan, edisi 2. [Terjemahan dari Wood chemistry, fundamental and application, 2
nd
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Suyono. 2010. Tectoquinone dalam ekstrak kayu jati Tectona grandis Lin. sebagai subsitusi bahan aditif antrakuinon dalam proses pulping soda [Skripsi]. Bogor : DHH IPB.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2009. Dengue guidlines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. WHO. 3-16.
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PAPER E5 - Analysis of Economy on Black Bamboo Cultivation
Gigantochloa Atroviolacea
Widjaja for Feedstocks and Environmental Sustainability
Husnul Khotimah, Marfuah Wardani, Sutiyono
1
Forest Research and Development Center, Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor 16610, Indonesia Corresponding Email: husnulkh.kemenhutgmail.com
ABSTRACT Black Bamboo Gigantochloba atroviolaceae Widjaja is known as a type of bamboo, which has a
black bark on the trunk either fresh or dried. Therefore, its trunk used as raw materials for music instruments such as angklung and for furniture such as desks, chairs, beds, or souvenir
items. Until now, the feedstokcs of Black Bamboo derived from bamboo that grows wild in the community lands. So it needs to be cultivated to increase the productivity. One of the
important aspects in this effort is economic study. This paper aims to get information of economic benefit and the financial feasibility of Black Bamboo cultivation. Research activities
carried out gradually in 2 years at XYZ Company, located in Terbanggi Besar Village, Sumberjaya District, CenterLampung Regency, Lampung. The study begins by identifying the
cultivation activities as well as its costs and its revenue. Then followed by the analysis of revenue and cost to calculate profit or loss. Further analysis of the investment criteria to
calculate NPV, Net BC, IRR, and Payback period by making cash flow during the production period of 11 years. The results showed that the NPV value is IDR 29.148.617,89;
the net BC is 2,96 greater than one; the IRR is 13 greater than the interest rate analysis and payback period on the 9th year of the project period of 11 year or the first harvest. Based
on the criteria of financial feasibility, it can be concluded that the cultivation of Black Bamboo financially feasible and profitable to be developed.
Keywords: financial feasibility, investment analysis, bamboo cultivation
1. INTRODUCTION
