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594 achieve full integration and thus earn more income and escape from poverty will target the
combination of more enterprises including crops, livestock, fisheries, processing and biogas. Farm cash income was positively influenced by age, level of education, years of experience and
type of integration. It was, however, negatively influenced by household size, cost of farm inputs and gender of farmer. Farm cash income can be improved by directing policy towards
measures that will reduce cost of inputs and increase farmers knowledge and technical skills Ugwumba et al., 2010.
An integrated farming system is probably the most benign agricultural production system from the environmental perspective, where crop and livestock production are in balance with
nature. Oksel et al. 2004 found that integrated farming in Malaysia effected Langgas River water quality but in the value is still within the acceptable limit and categorized as free from
organic contamination. Even, introducing several improved legumes and grasses into these grassland improved soil fertility, pasture and animal productivity with subsequent increase in
food milk production and income in Uganda Sabiiti et al., 2004.
4. CONCLUSSION
Tropical bio-geo-resource has a high biomass productivity but still less economical values. Integrated Bio-cycle Farming System IBFS is an alternative system which harmoniously
combines agricultural sectors, and non-agricultural aspects, on landscape ecological management. The cycle of energy, organic matter and carbon, water, nutrient, production,
crop, money was managed through 9R reuse, reduce, recycle, refill, replace, repair, replant, rebuild, reward to get optimal benefits for the farmer, community, agriculture and global
environment. The system has multifunction and multi-product Food, Feed, Fuel, Fibre, Fertilizer, Pharmacy, Edutainment, Eco-tourism. They will meet with the expected basic need
for daily-, monthly-, yearly-
and decade’s income at short-, medium- and long- term periods. IBFS was expected to provide additional benefits for farmers with small, medium and big
capital, through the recycling of organic waste into renewable resources to produce high-value production, such as organic fertilizer liquid and solid, animal feed, and sources of bio-gas
energy.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author express greatest gratitude toward Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, which funded this research. Deep gratitude and respects are also extended for the reviewers of this
article for all of their correction, comments, suggestions and inputs.
REFERENCES
Abbott, L.K., Murphy, D.V. 2003. What is soil biological fertility? In. Abbott, L.K. and Murphy, D.V. eds. 2003. Soil biological fertility. A key to sustainable land use in
agriculture. Kluwer Ac. Pub. Dordrecht. Pp. 1-15. Agus, C., Karyanto, O., Kita, S., Haibara, K., Toda, H., Hardiwinoto, ... Wijoyo, S. 2004.
Sustainable site productivity and nutrient management in a short rotation Gmelina arborea plantation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. New Forest J. 28: 277-285
Agus, C. 2006. Integrated Bio-cycles farming system. Keynote speaker on Seminar on Research cluster of UGM. In. Jumina and D. Parikesit eds 2006. Kemajuan Terkini
Riset Universitas Gadjah Mada. LPPM UGM. Jogjakarta. 2006. Pp: 57-64 Agus, C. 2013. Management of Tropical Bio-geo-resources through Integrated Bio-Cycle
Farming System for Healthy Food and Renewable Energy Sovereignty: Sustainable
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595 Food, Feed, Fibre, Fertilizer, Energy, Pharmacy for marginalized communities in
Indonesia. IEEE GHTC 2013 Baplan. 2000. Indonesian Forest Statistics. Ministry of Forest Estate Crop, Republic of
Indonesian. 233 pp. Chan, G, L. 2006. Integrated Farming System. http:www.scizerinm.orgchanarticle.html.
Access 5 September 2012. Channabasavanna, A.S., Karnataka, D.P. 2007. Relative Performance of Different Rice-
Fish-Poultry Integrated Farming System Models with Respect to System Productivity and Economics J. Agric. Sci., 204: 706-709. 2007.
Gold, M.V. 1999. Sustainable agriculture: Definitions and Terms. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville.
International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements IFOAM. 1998. Basic standards for organic production and processing. IFOAM. Tholey-Theley. Germany.
Koepf, H.H., Pettersson, B.D., Schaumann, W. 1976. Biodynamic Agriculture. Anthroposophic Press. Spring Valley, New York.
Oksel, O., Razali, N., Yusoff, M.K., Ismail, M.Z., Pa’ee, K.F., Ibrahim, K.N. 2004. The
Impacts of Integrated Farming To Water Quality: Case Study On Langgas River, Kunak, Sabah, Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering Technology IJET Vol:
9 No: 9 – 341.
Uddin, M.T., Takeya, H. 2006. Employment pattern and income generation of Farm Households in Integrated Farming in Bangladesh. IJAR 1 1: 32-40. 2006.
Ugwumba, C.O.A., Okoh, R.N., Ike, P.C., Nnabuife, E.L.C., Orji, E.C. 2010. Integrated Farming System and its Effect on Farm Cash Income in Awka South Agricultural Zone
of Anambra State, Nigeria. American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 8 1: 01-06. Sabiiti, E.N., Mpairwe, D., Rwakaikara, M.S., Mugasi, S. 2004. Uganda Journal of
Agriculture Sciences, 9: 446-469. Stockdale, E.A., Cookson, W.R. 2003. Sustainable farming systems and their impact on
soil biological fertility-some case studies. In Abbott, L.K. and Murphy, D.V. eds. 2003. Soil biological fertility. A key to sustainable land use in agriculture. Kluwer Ac. Pub.
Dordrecht. Pp. 225-239.
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596
POSTER A6 - The study of the zoning function of urban forest
in the low laying coastal city and landlocked city
Efendi Agus Waluyo
1
, Ari Nurlia
1 1
Forestry Research Institute Jl. Kol. H. Burlian KM 6,5 Puntikayu Palembang, Indonesia, Phonefax: +62711414864,
Corresponding Email: ndi_arlayahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The growth of urban areas leads to the decrease of green spaces. Area of green spaces has been converted into centres for regional economy activities such as trade, industrial, residential
and other urban facilities. The environmental services in the city have declined because the city only focuses on the economic development only. Development of urban forest needs to
consider biophysical conditions including technical aspects, soil, plant species, technological aspects, ecological aspects, aspects of human relationships harmony with the natural
environment of the city, as well as economic conditions related to the costs, benefits, and local socio-cultural conditions. The purpose of this study was to obtain data and information
regarding the zoning function of urban forest in the low laying coastal city and landlocked city. The results show that the urban forest in the low laying coastal city and the landlocked city in
South Sumatra and Bengkulu is still top-down in the early stages of development and it is only based on the decision of the governor or mayor. The existing urban forest is only based on
natural ecosystems, especially in the urban forest conservation. The types of plants that were cultivated in urban forest have not been based on biophysical aspects of the city, but it is
usually based on the availability of seedling. In order to avoid problems in the future, policies of urban forest development should be designed as a bottom up approach and should involve
many stakeholders. Overlapping among Local Government Working Units SKPDs still encountered in the development and management of urban forests. Hence, a synergy in the
development of the urban forest in needed.
Keywords: low laying coastal city, landlocked city, urban forest, zoning function 1. INTRODUCTION
A city is the center of extensive settlements, a place of many social activities. the city has a diverse functions, such as a center of population, commerce, government, industrial and
cultural center Irwan, 2008. Growing urban areas leads to reduce green open space RTH. RTH has been converted to regional economy activities e.g. trade, industrial, residential and
other urban facilities. Environmental services in the city have declined because the city develops economically only. Therefore, it would cause a disruption of the urban condition
characterized by increased air temperature, air pollution, floods, seawater intrusion, increasing heavy metal content of the soil, decreasing groundwater, and surface decreases.
These conditions urge the government and the community to urgently develop an urban forest that is one of the basic needs. According to Carter 1995, urban forest is the management tree
and its contribution to the physiological, sociological and economic prosperity to the urban community. It covers city forest, groups of trees, and tree unit that provides benefits to the
people living in them. The need of the urban forest serves as a means of support healthy living. In addition, the development of urban forests are expected to support the realization of
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597 a green expanse in the city that can improve and maintain the micro-climate, increase the
aesthetic value and supply the water catchment areas, and create balance and harmony of the physical environment of the city.
An ideal urban forest development according to the zoning function needs to adapt the biophysical conditions. Rushayati, et al. 2010 stated that the zoning of urban forests can be
prepared based on the distribution of air pollutants, land cover types, industrial areas, residential areas, the number of people and the transportation data and the measurement of
microclimate. There are technical aspects, species of plants, ecological aspects, aspects of human relationships harmony with the natural environment of the city, as well as economic
conditions that relate to the costs, benefits, and local socio-cultural conditions.
The purpose of this study was to obtain data and information regarding the zoning function of urban forest
in the low laying coastal city and the landlocked city .
2. RESEARCH METHOD 2.1 Data
