RESULT AND DISCUSSION 1 Population of Timor Deer

Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 525 2.4. Data Collection Data Collection was conducted through three ways, such as interview, in depth interview and participant observation. Interview was conducted toward 35 respondents while in depth interview was conducted toward some of key informants which consist of individual, figure society, tradition figure and so on which related to participation, perception, preference and activity of society in tradition hunting at Torong Padang Cape area. Procedure of sampling which is used through snowball sampling technique Kanto cited in Bungin, 2012, is looking for the key informant then others recommended informant so that there are not new information anymore. Afterwards, as triangulation toward the result of interview and in depth interview, this study also does participation observation. Participation observation is a method through observe and participate in all events which are faced by certain people and certain social units in the society Bungin, 2012. 2.5. Data Analysis Perception Descriptive and Society Preference Perception of society about Timor deer conservation and society preference about traditional hunting is showed in table of frequency. Table of frequency contains respondent answer frequency toward the question. Respondent answer frequency is counted in percentage respondent answer toward all respondents. This respondent answer frequency is triangulated with the result of participate observation and it will be discussed with the relevant theory. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Population of Timor Deer From the result of interview, it is acquired the information that population of Timor deer at Torong Padang Cape area are getting less year by year Table 1. In 1960-1970, for one time tradition hunting, it can be acquired hundreds of Timor deer. Meanwhile, in recent year, the result of tradition hunting is not more than 10 deer. Table 1: Population of Timor deer Population of Timor deer Total of respondents Percentage Constant Decrease 35 100 Total 35 100 Besides that, presumption of population Timor deer is also conducted by using concentration with camera trap and τCapture Mark and Recapture” method. The results from this method showed that presumption of population Timor deer at Torong Padang Cape area is about 69 deers. 3.2 Tradition Hunting The result of interview showed that some of things that related to tradition hunting, as follow: Table 2: Motivereason to do the tradition hunting Motive of hunting Number of respondent Percentage Culture 32 91 Pride 2 6 Togetherness 1 3 Total 35 100 Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 526 Motive of tradition hunting which is done by society of Baar tribe is 91 to conserve the culture of tradition from inheritance of their ancestor. Besides that, another said as a pride 6 if they can get man deer from hunting and there is another motive, such as togetherness among society of Baar tribe 3 Table 2. The result of interview showed that not all respondents always participate in tradition hunting activity 37, the reason are some of them as government employee, busy in their business and there are also already old so that they cannot join hunting. However, almost of Baar tribe 63 still participate to do tradition hunting Table 3. Table 3: The participation of respondent who participate in hunting The participation in tradition hunting Number of Respondent Percentage Still participate 22 63 Not participate 13 37 Total 35 100 Technique of tradition hunting which is done by society of Baar tribe is traditional 94. Some of respondents 6 revealed that technique of tradition hunting from the past until now is still conducted traditionally but there are some hunting equipment which has not been used anymore because it is dangerous for hunter itself Table 4. Table 4: Technique of Hunting Technique of Hunting Number of Respondent Percentage Traditional 33 94 Changed 2 6 Total 35 100 The tradition hunting equipment which is still used until now such as snare and spear 87, horse 6, dog 9, and knife 6. On the past, there are many people use horse to tradition hunting. It reaches until dozens people. However, in global era, there is economic value from horse itself so that only some people who are still use horse to hunt Table 5. Moreover, using dog in hunting activity become decrease because nowadays societies have been understand with religion value which may not keep dog. It causes the population of dog in that village is decrease. It impacts the decreasing of using dog to hunt. Therefore, the equipment which still use are snare and spear while using modern equipment like gun is very prohibited. Table 5: The Hunting equipment Equipment to hunt Number of Respondent Percentage Snare and Spear 32 89 Horse 2 6 Dog 3 9 Knife 2 6 Others 1 3 Total 35 100 Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 527 Table 6: Hunting Intensity Intensity to hunt Number of Respondent Percentage Once 32 91 Often 3 9 Total 35 100 Tradition hunting activity at Torong Padang Cape area is only conducted once in a year 91. There are only some people 9 conduct Timor deer hunting besides in tradition hunting Table 6. They said that although they often do Timor deer hunting, they do not do it at Torong Padang Cape area. It is conducted in other areas which are still found Timor deer. All the society of Baar tribe 100 knows that there is existing tradition regulation so that only certain people who can hunt at Torong Padang Cape area Table 7. Tradition hunting activity only can be done for once a year. Either during tradition hunting activity or not, there are some existing tradition regulation. If they break that regulation, there is threat or danger will come to them. It makes them feel afraid. Table 7: The knowing about tradition hunting regulation Tradition Regulation Number of Respondent Percentage Know 35 100 Do not know Total 35 100 All the society of Baar tribe 100 knows that this Timor deer is one of animal which is protected by government Table 8. However, they prefer to fulfill their culture through tradition hunting. Society of Baar tribe said that tradition hunting has to be maintaining conducted. So that, although the government has declared that Timor deer as wild animal protected, they do not have other choices so they still do Timor deer tradition hunting. They presume that tradition hunting which is conducted only once a year can protect Timor deer from extinction. Besides that, by conducting tradition regulation at Torong Padang Cape area, they participate to support government in Timor deer conservation. Table 8: The local knowledge about protected Timor deer Conservation of Timor deerprotected Number of Responden Percentage Know 35 100 Do not know Total 35 100 The result of in depth interview and participation observation are acquired the information as follow : There is changed motive of tradition hunting on the past until now. In 1960, the society who hunt besides to conduct the tradition culture and also to get meat. They also want to practice in hunting. It impacts the number of deer which hunted is not limited. If someone gets many deer, so heshe will be famous. In addition, the horse which is ridden for hunting will also famous and has highest culture value. That horse has priced as same as three or four cows. Economically, cow is more expensive than horse. However, because horse has highest culture value because of its Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 528 dexterity so how the price it is, it will be hunted by hunter. Because of that habit, since 1970 until 1980, the population of deer which exist at Torong Padang Cape area become decrease. There are some steps of tradition ceremony which has conducted before hunting at Torong Padang Cape area. That tradition ceremony steps are τPintu Manuk” tradition ceremony is first conducted at village district in this year, it is held at Damu village district Figure 2. Then, it is continued by τPintu Manuk” ceremony second ceremony which is conducted at Maroraja, first location to begin tradition hunting activity Figure 3. Figure 2: τPintu Manuk” Tradition ceremony first ceremony is conducted at Damu village district Figure 3: τPintu Manuk” tradition ceremony second ceremony which is conducted at Maroraja After tradition ceremony, it is continued in the afternoon, the society of Baar tribe do the setting of snare in eastern area to the center area from Torong Padang Cape. In next early morning, around 4 am WITA, it start to hunt deer by releasing dogs. Based on figures society of Baar Tribe, the results of the last four years hunting is hunted in 2011 as many as seven deers, three deers in 2012, in 2013 did not obtain and in 2014 acquired six deers. Seeing the results of traditional hunting does not exceed ten timor deers, it can Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 529 indicate the amount of Timor deer populations does not exist in the area of Tanjung Torong Padang and decresing dramatically than in the 1960s. Indigenous hunting history shows that there is no signs of sex ratio and age of Timor deer, so any gender and any age who hit the snare deer must die. One possibility is what causes the hunt Method Timor deer population continues to diminish over time. Supposedly male deer harvested is unbalanced more than the sex ratio and the females that are no longer productive. When the hunters get his catch, the Timor deer hunting results should be divided, mostly for hunters who caught Timor deer and partly collected and distributed to all the people who involved in hunting game. Hunters who kill partakers 5 ribs and head toward the head. If there are two people who was succeed to kill a deer, the section above on the two based on the agreement of both the person, such as the head and chest halved symmetrically so that each an equal share. While the meat back, thighs front and rear, rib bottom, big belly and liver to the public or everyone who participated hunting Figure 4. Figure 4: Body part allocation for hunters Nowadays there was a shift in culture and hunting techniques from age to age. At the ancient times many hunters who use horses as a tools for hunting. Currently there is a shift to match the needs of society. Most cattle horses used to meet the needs of people who require a fairly large amount of costs, such as to send their children to school, build a house, belis marriage, and others. Nowadays people just rely on snares and tumbak or tempuling and dogs for hunting tradition. There are some technique of hunting in Baar Tribe. a Hunting by riding horse There are two equipment that used in this method, i.e. spears and snares. The hunters riding a horse to catch the deer and then spears was used to kill it or using snares to catch the deer. b Hunting by dogs and snare The snare which is used from the beginning until now was changing. Initially the public using a harmonica wire inside, then put a wire sling and the latter using the brake wire. Usually one person using meshes of between 10 and 40 pieces. Stages mounting snares are as follows : First, to find a way that is commonly used by deer; second, find and cut out the small timber around the deer path. Small wooden cut about 75 cm, both ends are tapered and the top cut to slip the wire meshes, while the lower part stuck in the ground; Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 530 Third, find and cut a large timber for suntul to tie a nylon rope; Fourth, the wire is inserted in the top of the mast has been cut; Fifth, the rope tied around suntul wooden Figure 5. Figure 5. The snare which is used to lariat the deer Figure 6. Trained dog which is used to detect and hunt the deer People who involve in indigenous hunting already know that the area of snares installation. Each spot are specific, should not be taken over by another person, except the owner did not come to hunt. Everyone already knows the location of the snares installation respectively. If all the snare is mounted, then the dog started to be released to repel deer out of a bush that is in the valley. More and more dogs are released, the greater the chances of getting a deer hunted, because of barking dogs will make deer scared and running on ordinary roads impassable when it was fitted meshes, so the deer could be exposed to snare. Figure 6. People who set traps must be equipped with tumbak or tempuling, so if there is a deer trapped and slaughtered directly ditumbak Figure 7. Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 531 Figure 7. Tumbak traditional spear and tempuling as hunting equipment Figure 8. Banso, one of the traditional equipment c Hunting by Banso based on interview with localAlias Iwa, 15 September 2014 Banso is one of the tools that have been used to hunt deer which is used from the first of Baar Tribe ancestors. Banso can be a big bamboo such as betung bamboo were split apart into several pieces with a width of about 3 cm and a length of 160 cm. Then after split to separate and make section, it has smoothed and sharpened in the edge. Banso mounted on the streets of the former tracks of deer or mounted in a bush valley, placed in all parts of the existing former deer path. Banso tip characterized by leaves so as not to be seen by deer Figure 8. But since the 1980s until now this tool is not used anymore because it would endanger the life of other hunters who pass into the area that has been fitted Banso, including hunter horses. d Hunting by spears and machetes The hunters who do not have horses, dogs and snares, only equipped with a lance and or a machete. Only if there is a deer dispel that leads towards him. The use of tools and traditional technique on hunting who conducted by Baar people were the one of indigenous culture on wildlife utilization. They never used modern weapon because of Ground surface Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 532 they think this is the best way to conserve the Timor deer. In the same case, Pattiselanno dan Mentansan 2010 said that indigenous culture activity who did by Maybrat Tribe on South Sorong – Papua like using hunting tools, hunting place and the certain species give positive effect for improving on wildlife conservation effort. In other words, according to Hurtado-Gonzales and Bodmer 2004, there is needs to involve the local people on nature resources management and admitting their value such as traditional knowledge about animals and its habitat. 3.3 Preferences and Conservation effort of Timor Deer by the Baar Tribe Several attempts were made by the community in order to preserve the Timor deer are implementing tradition rules and doing traditional hunting only once a year. They assume if indigenous hunting once a year, the deer can breed again. Moreover, they believe that if hunting is done routinely every year the deer in the area will be more and more. According to Weckel and Rockwell 2013, the growth of deer density is depend on carrying capacity area, migration rate and intensity of harvesting. Some tradition rules are applied in the area of Torong Padang Cape, such as : a If there is stealing deer hunting results not taken to the headquarters will be fined with one goat and one cup of rice about 15 kg. b At the time of the ceremony, there must be one person who tied a descendant of that particular Tribe Tribe Maki to get game animals though a bird, can only be removed. c If you find mbou Komodo Dragon must be returned back to back, do not disturb. d If you find deer streaks believed to be a king of deer, the hunt must be stopped because it definitely will not get a deer hunting. e All people who participate must adhere to the traditional hunting customs rules in order to hunt successfully and safely no harmfull. f If doing hunting not in the traditional hunting time they believe will have an accident and fined a goat and one cup of rice. Although people believe and think like the above, but in order to decrease the population of Timor deer are not continued, the need for management of several factors that affect the sustainability of this Timor deer population. According to Alikodra 2010, wildlife management is basically the management of the habitat and wildlife populations themselves, or the management of both. In addition to habitat management, management of wildlife populations needs to be done. Wildlife populations in the wild can be up and down, or stable. Population management aims to obtain a stable condition of the population, where the population structure sex and age composition capable of ensuring the balance of the number of members. Uncontrolled population growth would lead to overpopulation and will affect negatively, as will the increasingly fierce competition. Meanwhile, the decline in population may lead to the extinction of species. Population explosion of a species or a decrease in the number of members of the population of a species will affect other species. Population management actions can be distinguished: 1 management for the purpose of maintaining the balance of natural ecosystems and 2 management for the purpose of obtaining maximum harvesting results. Many factors affect wildlife populations both in the wildlife itself be a form of genetic and outside environment Bollen and Robinson, 2003. One considerable factor directly affect the population decline Timor deer hunting is done by communities around forest areas. There are several reasons why people do hunt deer, which are a the original traditional subsistence hunting, b hunting for meat and recreation and c hunting for sport and recreation Fischer Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 533 et al, 2013; d as a source of meat and income as well as support the economy of rural households Hurtado-Gonzales and Bodmer, 2004. In the previous year there was no limit on the hunted Timor deer so it was a main factor that cause the population decrease. Garfinkel at all. 2010 said that the history describe that uncontrolled hunting game affected the wildlife population. Furthermore, to conserve Timor deer on Torong Padang Cape should change the rules and regulations. Angulo and Based on Villafuerte 2003, limiting the hunting games are needed to increase the population of Timor deer. Hunters also have to know the population before did hunting thus they could estimate the number of animals that can be hunted. There are some ways to preserve the population such as changing the period of hunting, the number of days hunting, the number of hunters and the number of hours for hunting per days. Baar Tribe should had awareness about sex ratio and age composition when they did a hunting game. This is important to gain the sustainability. All this time they do not aware so that the sex ratio will be imbalance. The same case occurred on Wasur National Park – Papua that showed the age composition was abnormal because of the female deer was hunted excessively Andoy, 2002. Angulo and Based on Villafuerte 2003, limiting the hunting games are needed to increase the population of Timor deer. Hunters also have to know the population before did hunting thus they could estimate the number of animals that can be hunted. There are some ways to preserve the population such as changing the period of hunting, the number of days hunting, the number of hunters and the number of hours for hunting per days. As in the management of natural resources, the need to involve local communities that exist and recognize the value of cultural and traditional knowledge of species and habitats Hurtado-Gonzales and Bodmer, 2004. The conservation efforts Torong Padang Cape and Timor deer in it could involve the local community so that if people around already feel the benefits, they will participate in conservation action. 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 4.1 Conclusion