RESULT AND DISCUSSION 1 Sustainable utilization of forest plant

Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 500 To determine the ecological value is used Important Value Index IVI. Assuming that IVI is the result of adding three relative parameters, they are Density, Cover and Frequency Mueller, 1974. The Formula of IVI would be: IVI = DR + CR + FR; for each use given: DR = Density Relative, CR = Cover Relative, FR = Frequency Relative. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Sustainable utilization of forest plant This study took a sample location in the village which is located on two different forests in the Ruteng mountains Table 1. In the kampung Wae Rebo indigenous people are given permission to utilize timber forest products for build traditional house and also managing cultural tourism. In contrary, indigenous people around Ruteng Forest are not given permission to take the wooden building for cultural needs and also tourism management is done by the government. The condition of forest cover in the period 1993 - 2014 shows that Todo forest cover is better than Ruteng forest because of the role of indigenous peoples in protecting forests. Manggarai people in Ruteng Mountains have a high level in ethnobotany knowledge. The ethnobotany knowledge is still maintained since some of the needs are met from the utilization of forest plants. The level of knowledge of ethnobotany of indigenous people is not influenced by the distance between the settlement to the city town Hidayati, 2013; Iswandono, 2015. The knowledge ethnobotany of male is higher than female due to the difference in roles between men and women. The duty of men are taking of the forest products while women are working at home and garden. The other causes of the differences between men and women is due to their duties in culturally ritual and traditional institution is done by men Iswandono, 2015. Table 1: Comparison conditions of traditional village kampung in the Ruteng Forest and Todo Description Ruteng Forest Todo Forest Kampung Sample Mano and Lerang Wae Rebo Forest area 32.245,6 hectare 10.089,2 hectare The Function of Forest Conservation Forest Protected Forest Forest Covering Forest cover decline in periode 1993 – 2014 Forest cover decrease in periode 1993 – 2014. Utilization of building timber in the forest No timber utilization permits Permission to take special timber for traditional house Tourism Management Tourism managed by central government Tourism managed by local people Management of traditional village It is difficult to build a traditional house Well managed traditional village The responsibility of forest conservation Forests considered a state responsibility Sense of belonging and maintaining forest Cash income from forest Cash from selling timber, firewood, vegetables, fruit and fish Cash from cultural tourism and nature tourism forest Tourism ticket price Rp. 10.000,- for government Rp. 250.000,- for local people Data Source : Iswandono, 2015 Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 501 The decrease of traditional knowledge particularly in the younger generation due to the reduced time to interact with the forest for the changing in working activities, such as a guide for tourists or porter for tourist and formal education systems that marginalize local knowledge of ethnobotany Iswandono, 2015. The same statement by Vasques, 2013 on the Isthmus Zapotecs community in Mexico, that the cause of the decrease of knowledge of ethnobotany is the change in livelihoods and formal education. Decreasing the traditional knowledge to the young generation also occur in other areas, such as: Baduy Banten Hidayati, 2013, Tsimane Bolivian Amazon Garcia, 2013, Nepal Tibetan China Boesi, 2014. The decrease of traditional knowledge led to the decrease in traditional communities ability to manage the forest. A decrease of knowledge in the younger generation is not currently perceived impacts on forests in the village of Wae Rebo - Manggarai because the older generation still play a role in traditional institutions. Sustainable utilization of forest vegetation caused by the utilization of diverse in a variety of habitats, thereby reducing forest pressure on one specific plants and habitats. This helps maintain forest systems are good for overall diversity. Although some species will decline but still positive impacts outweigh its negative impacts Pei, 2009. Manggarai community utilizes a wide range of forest plants that are categorized into 12 kinds of plant utilization, ie food, beverage, medicine, construction, control pests and toxins, dyes, tools and crafts, firewood, rope materials, fodder, mythical legends and rituals, ornamental plants and fences limit number of 161 species in 75 families of plants. The highest utilization are 72 species for medicinal plants and 40 species for food Iswandono, 2015. The use of plants is a wisdom to survive by exploiting the diversity of forest species and cultivated species whose numbers are limited. Species diversity meets the needs of the number and quality clothing, housing and food Zhang, 2013. Forest biodiversity providing clothing, shelter and food as well as maintaining the local culture Baird, 2003; Negi, 2010. Good ecosystem will support the culture of forest communities in sustainable use Amusa, 2010. Moderate intensity intermediate on the forest utilization areas by the local community has a higher plant diversity than natural forests Gueze, 2011. Ruteng Mountains forest has a high diversity of plants 3H4. The earlier study also showed that most of the forest area in Ruteng Mountain have a diversity of Shannon H ranged from 3-4 Simbolon, 1998; Iswandono, 2007. High plant diversity H 3 on forests provide a diversity of plants will provide sustainability use Pei, 2009. A high level of diversity in the forest provide opportunities for utilization of a variety of purposes that can reduce pressure on certain species and protecting the forest ecosystem in the community perception Pei, 2009. Forest in the mountains of Ruteng in relatively good condition especially kampung Wae Rebo, because of the role of local communities in protecting the forests. The same is stated by Sinabutar , 2015 that if the government does something that does not have implications for the local community and there is an overlap of power, it will caused in the implementation of local wisdom more sustainable than government program. Local communities manage land and forest into multiple use area include sacred forests and forests that can be utilized. Utilization of wood traditionaly and selectif for subsistence Iswandono, 2015. The damage of Ruteng forest is caused by commercial utilization to meet the needs of building timber and firewood. The commercialization of wild plant will impact uncontrolled harvesting so that forests will be degraded Pei, 2009. Instead villagers Wae Rebo Forest Todo obtain cash from tourism Table 1. 3.2 Management of sustainable plant use The utilization of non-timber plant for subsistence in Manggarai indigenous peoples are not specifically regulated. Rules are strictly made on the utilization of timber, especially for Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 502 traditional house, namely: wood worok Dysoxylum densiflorum Blume Miq in accordance with the Manggarai idiom which says that neho porong worok eta golo, pateng wae wa, which means τhopefully strong as a worok tree on a hill and getting stronger in the water. Worok tree is only used for traditional house, especially for the main pillar called siri bongkok. Timber extraction should be done with a traditional ceremony called roko molas poco, the ceremony for the proposed large trees become the main pillar of a traditional home. But unfortunately this culture exists only in the kampung of Wae Rebo. Analysis of data on the spread of timber diameter class worok Dysoxylum densiflorum Blume Miq Table 2 showed that the presence of this wood in the village of Wae Rebo more sustainable than in the other two areas of the kampung. The prohibition to cut trees in the forest for any reason because of the conservation forest, cause villagers substitute worok tree with another wood that grows naturally in the garden, such as ampupu Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake and moak Arthocarpus integra J.R. Forster G. Forster and not because of intentionally planted. The people motivation for plant conservation is to keep benefiting from a species of plant Pei, 2009; Zuhud, 2007. Some species have more benefits and have a role in shaping cultural identity and meeting the needs of life Garibaldi A, 2004. The plant species in the Ruteng mountains that have the most usefulness is teno Melochia umbellata Gmel. Kurz for building materials, medicinal plants, firewood, materials ropes, myths and rituals and boundary markers. The second important is ara tree Ficus variegata Blume, 1825 for vegetables, fruits, herbs medicine, fodder, myth and ritual Iswandono, 2015. The value of Index of Cultural Significance ICS showed that teno Melochia umbellata Gmel. Kurz has the highest value Table 2. This indicates that teno Melochia umbellata Gmel. Kurz is the most important species in the culture of Manggarai. Every house of the Manggarai people should use wood teno Melochia umbellata Gmel. Kurz as one of the pillars of their house. Table 2: Diameter class of worok tree Dysoxylum densiflorum Blume Miq Location Elevation m asl Diameter class cm number of species 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 100 Wae Rebo 1100 Wae Rebo 1200 5 1 1 Wae Rebo 1300 1 Wae Rebo 1400 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Mano 1200 Mano 1300 4 1 1 Mano 1400 Mano 1500 1 Mano 1600 1 Mano 1700 Mano 1800 Mano 1900 Lerang 1100 Lerang 1200 1 Lerang 1300 5 1 Lerang 1400 Lerang 1500 1 Teno tree is difficult to grow and found in the middle of the forest due to the intolerant of sunlight so that community use of trees that grow naturally in the garden. The Manggarai Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 503 communities do not know how to cultivate teno so that conservation efforts by maintaining saplings that grow naturally in the garden or yard. Teno name is also the name of god spirit in the garden and also the name of the elders who divide the comunal land. This is consistent with the theory of conservation according to Zuhud EAM, 2007 that the indigenous people know the natural potential of the vegetation and the benefits from a species so that willing to do conservation, even put the religious values for conservation. Table 3: Index of Cultural Significance ICS of forest plant in Ruteng Mountains ICS Catagory Species Name Explanation Very High 100 Teno Melochia umbellata Gmel. Kurz Tree, ICS = 104 High 50 – 99 Ara Ficus variegata Blume Tree, ICS = 61 Kempo Palaquium obovatum Griff. Engl Tree, ICS = 56 Ajang Toona sureni Blume Merr Tree, ICS = 53 Intermediate 20 – 49 52 plant species Tree, herb, liana Low 5 – 19 96 plant species Tree, herb, liana Very low 1 – 4 6 plant species Tree, herb, epiphytic The other important plant species is ara Ficus variegata Blume with ICS value = 61. Ara tree Ficus variegata Blume is one of the dominant species in the forests. Most of the ara tree Ficus variegata Blume have diameter more than 100 cm for the local community prohibite to use for building material and protect by traditional sanctions. In the mountain forests, ara tree Ficus variegata Blume has the highest IVI value and which describe the role of a dominant plant species in the ecosystem. The ara tree Ficus variegata Blume had high IVI and ICS that can be also called eco-cultural species that play an important role in the ecology and culture and indicating sustainable use. Manggarai community myth about the ara tree Ficus variegata Blume is that these trees will increase water flows in the wellspring. Table 4: Dominance forest plant with highest Important Value Index FamilySpecies Local Name Highest of IVI on the sampling site m asl Mano Lerang Wae Rebo Euphorbiaceae Macaranga tanarius L. Mull Arg. Rebak 1500 1500 1100 Moraceae Ficus variegata Blume. Ara 1300; 1900 1300 1200 Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus batudulangii Weibel. Ntungeng - - 1400; 1300 Oleaceae Fraxinus griffithii Clarke. Lui 1800 - - Cunonaceae Weinmannia blumei Planch. Larang - 1100; 1200; 1400 - Sapotaceae Planchonella obovata R.Br. Pierre Ketang 1600; 1700 - - Myrtaceae Syzygium sp Lokom 1200 - - Boraginaceae Heliothropium indicum Linn. Rawuk 1400 - - Traditional community of Manggarai make efforts to be able to still get the benefits of forest plant species, such as cultivation the teno tree, arrangements of utilization and substitution with other plants such as worok tree and logging sanctions such as ara tree. The forest conservation management should support the local culture into management program so that accept support from local people that sustains their survival. Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 504

4. CONCLUSION