INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Prosiding INAFOR III 2015 FullIssue low rest

Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 722 POSTER E5 - Characterization of Activated Charcoal from Tapioca Residue Heru S. Wibisono 1 , Novitri Hastuti 1 , Lisna Efiyanti 1 and Gustan Pari 1 1 Forest Products Research and Development Center, Jl. Gunung Batu 5 Bogor, Indonesia Corresponding Email: hewibyahoo.com ABSTRACT The manufacturing of tapioca from cassava yield residue in the form of darker flour. Traditionally it is called onggok. Currently, the residue is more preferable used as animal feed. In fact, it can be processed as raw materials of activated charcoal. This paper characterize of the tapioca residue as activated charcoal. There are two steps of activated charcoal manufacturing known as hydrothermal carbonization and activation. The hydrothermal carbonization was set at 200 o C for 7 hours, then the carbon was activated using KOH in ratio of 2:1 carbon:KOH. This activation process was set for 24 hours. Further activation was continued by steaming it in the temperature of 800 o C for an hour. Results show that generally the activated charcoal meets the Indonesian Standard SNI 06-3730-1995. The charcoal water content is about 1.45, ash content is 2.03, volatile matter is 9.64, fixed carbon is 88.33, iodine number is about 1,167 mgg and charcoal’s cristanility is about 23.26. Based on the fixed carbon content Indonesian standard, activated charcoal from tapioca residue could substitute the carbon based-fossil. Keywords: Tapioca residue, carbonization, activated charcoal, fixed carbon

1. INTRODUCTION

Tapioca processing produce waste originates from tapioca manufacturing, exfoliation, and deposition of starch and its water. There are 3 kinds of waste from tapioca processing such as solid, liquid and gases. One of the solid waste is available in huge volume as tapioca residue named Onggok. Cassava processing into tapioca flour produce waste about 23 or 75 from raw materials. Now, the utilization of tapioca residue limited as animal feed, fertilizer and sauce mix. Irmanto Suyata, 2010. In fact, tapioca residue contains high of cellulose. Based on literature Rahmasari Putri 2011, tapioca residue has high content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, the contents are about 33.1. The fiber content may increase added- value of tapioca residue as activated charcoal activated carbon. Iskandar 2012 considered that organic matters with high content of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose can be used as activated charcoal raw materials due to they are composed by carbon elements. Activated charcoal has an important role in industries as water and gas purification, and can be used as a catalyst dan capasitor. Particularly, as capasitor activated charcoal has high capacity of energy storage in smaller size. Therefore, the research about activated carbon from waste such as tapioca residue is need to be carried out. The research purpose to characterize of the tapioca residue as activated charcoal. The raw materials originated from waste are known cheaper and easier to be obtained. The objective of this research is to characterize activated carbon from tapioca residue. Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 723

2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

Tapioca residue was obtained from Trenggalek, East Java. Activated charcoal manufacturing was carried out by 2 following steps, carbonization and activation. Carbonization was carried out by hydrothermal process at temperature 200 o C for 7 hours. The charcoal produced from hydrothermal then washed by water to get neutral pH about 7. Activation was conducted by both chemistry and physics. By chemistry activation, the charcoal from carbonization was soaked in KOH 2:1 for 24 hours. This way aimed to get KOH penetrated into charcoal pores. This step also can be considered as pores cleaning, in order to get surface area of charcoal wider. By physics activation, the charcoal was heated by steam at temperature 800 o C for 1 hour. Subsequently, activated charcoal soaked by HCl to remove polluter generated from heating. The charcoal then washed by hot water to remove the acid and get neutral pH. Analysis was conducted on proximate analysis, cristallinity, and charcoal morphology. Cristallinity was obteined using X-ray Diffractometre analysis and activated charcoal morphology was observed by SEM-EDX.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION