Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
825 provenances. Data used in this analysis were average of height, diameter and life percentage.
Formulas used to calculate those parameters are below.
Number of life plants at measurenment Life percentage =
x 100 Number of all plants at early plantation
Sum of height of all measured plants Average height
= Number of measured plants
Sum of diameter of all measured plants Average diameter
= Number of measured plants
If variation among the tested provenances was found, then it was continued with Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test DMRT. DMRT is executed to know the difference among the tested provenances. The mathematic model used is:
Y
ij
= µ + B
i
+ P
j
+ ε
ij
Where: Y
ij
= Measured traitscharacter µ = General mean
P
j
= Effect of the j
th
provenance
B
i
= Effect of the i
th
block ε
ij
= Random error at the ij
th
observation
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Life percentage
Life percentage of merbau plants at ex situ conservation plot at Sumberwringin Forest Research in Bondowoso was shown in Figure 1. Average of life percentage was decreased
along with increasing of plant age. Prastyono 2014 revealed that life percentage of ulin at provenance test at the Sumberwringin Forest Research in Bondowoso at 6.5 years old was
lower than life percentage of ulin at the first three years. Wasior was provenance having the highest life percentage at all observation years. Average life percentage of merbau plants from
the highest to lowest were Wasior 91,89, Halmahera Timur 90,71, Oransbari 88,80, Waigo 8,87, Nabire 85,37 and Seram 76,74. These values indicates that merbau has
good adaptability at ex situ conservation plot at Sumberwringin Forest Research in Bondowoso. Ginwal dan Mandal 2004 revealed that survival of plants indicates the
adaptability of the provenance to the environment at the trial site. It caused Sumberwringin Forest Research in Bondowoso has similar characteristic with habitat of merbau in its natural
distribution. In natural distribution, merbau found at altitude until 1000 m above sea level with climate type A to D. The Forest Research has climate type B according to Schmidt and
Ferguson with mean annual rainfall of 2400 mmyear and altitude is around 800 m above sea level. Additionally, the high genetic diversity of merbau also contributed to its adaptability.
Average genetic diversity of merbau from six populationsprovenences Halmahera Timur, Waigo, Oransbari, Wasior, Nabire dan Seram was 0,392 Yudohartono, 2008. Good
adaptability of merbau was also found at other places. Life percentage of merbau from several provenances Muskona, Waigo, Manimeri, Babo, Sarmi, Carita, Wasior and Oransbari in
Sobang and Bintuni at 18 months showed were 91,6 and 98,4 respectively Mahfudz, 2013.
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
826
20 40
60 80
100 120
1st 2nd
3rd 4th
5th 6th
Li fe
p e
rc e
n ta
g e
Observation year
Halmahera Timur Waigo
Oransbari Wasior
Nabire Seram
Figure 1: Life Percentage of Merbau in Bondowoso
0,5 1
1,5 2
2,5 3
3,5 4
1st 2nd
3rd 4th
5th 6th
H e
ig h
t m
Observation year
Halmahera Timur Waigo
Oransbari Wasior
Nabire Seram
Figure 2: Height growth of merbau in Bondowoso
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
1st 2nd
3rd 4th
5th 6th
D ia
m e
te r
c m
Observation year
Halmahera Timur Waigo
Oransbari Wasior
Nabire Seram
Figure 3: Diameter growth of merbau in Bondowoso
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
827
3.2 Height and diameter
Height and diameter of merbau plants at ex situ conservation plot at Sumberwringin Forest Research in Bondowoso was shown in Figure 2 and 3.
Rank of those six provenances was not same from first to six observation year. In Figure 2 and 3, Oransbari was the best provenance for height and Halmahera Timur was the best
provenance for diameter growth. Halmahera Timur and Seram were provenances having the same rank for diameter at all observation years. Halmahera Timur was the best provenance
for diameter at all observation years. Whereas, Seram was provenance having the lowest average of height and diameter at all observation years. In terms of growth traits, Halmahera
Timur and Seram had the greatest difference of average value of height and diameter. Characterization of growth traits of merbau plants was in accordance with the result of
isozyme analysis of those six merbau provenances. Yudohartono 2008 revealed that provenances having the greatest value of genetic distance were Halmahera Timur and Seram.
This value indicated that relationship of both provenances was the furthest. Variance analysis was conducted to know variation among provenances for height and diameter. The results of
variance analysis were shown at Table 2 dan 3. Table 2: Analysis of variance for height of merbau plants at ex situ conservation plot in
Bondowoso
Source of variation
Degree of freedom
Mean squares at the i
th
year observation 1
2 3
4 5
6
Provenance 5
701,25 915,33
2288,20 3742,44
ns
3553,86
ns
6184,56
ns
Block 2
103,50 318,47
1281,71
ns
4635,66
ns
6970,53
ns
15855,66
ns
Error 10
6,92 33,89
441,91 1331,678
2323,53 5189,82
Table 3: Analysis of variance for diameter of merbau plants at ex situ conservation plot in Bondowoso
Source of variation
Degree of freedom
Mean squares at the i
th
year observation 1
2 3
4 5
6
Provenance 5
4,42 11,06
51,22 107,12
ns
173,09
ns
256,24
ns
Block 2
0,60
ns
0,74
ns
18,38
ns
160,101 396,73
466,29 Error
10 0,25
1,32 11,16
34,257 63,63
90,25 Remarks
= Significant at 1 level = Significant at 5 level
ns = Not significant at 5 level
Height and diameter among the tested provenances of merbau were significantly different from first to third observation year. Whereas, height and diameter among the tested
provenances of merbau were not significantly different from fourth
to sixth obervation year. The effect of genetic factor to growth was found for other species. Susanto 2010 revealed
that height and diameter of ulin Eusideroxylon zwagery Eusyderoxwere significantly different at 3 years old at Sumberwringin Forest Research Sumberwringin. Setiadi dan Susanto 2012 also
reported that revealed that height and diameter of Eusideroxylon zwagery Eusyderoxwere significantly different among provenances and family within provenance of Araucaria
cunninghamii at 5 years old at Sumberwringin Forest Research Sumberwringin Research of Fiani dan Yuliah 2013 showed that height and diameter growth of Santalum album Linn. were
significantly different among provenances at ex situ conservation plot in Gunung Kidul. Nugroho et al. 2011 revealed that there was no significant differences in terms of survival
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
828 and diameter among provenances, while height among provenances was significantly
observed. Merbau is long-life species. The six observation years were still early evaluation for this species young plants. The different rank of the tested provenances could indicate that
the effect of provenance to growth of height and diameter has not been consistency at young plants of merbau. Hadiyan 2010 revealed that the rank of height and diameter growth of
Falcataria moluccana was different at 6 months and 12 months after plantation. The effect of genetic factor provenance to growth of height and diameter may still change because merbau
is slow growing and long-life species. Therefore, characterization of merbau need to be carried out for the next years at least a third cycle to know its consistency.
4. CONCLUSION
