Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
644 reduction in cattle population and therefore reducing the meat production. These conditions
need special measures from the government in order to increase the cattle population and its productivity, besides to protect the existence of local genetic resources including the Ongole
grade cattle. Feed availability in adequate quantity and quality is a serious problem for increasing the beef cattle productivity. Subiharta et al. 2005 reported that 95 of farmers
encountered lack of feeds during the dry season; therefore during lack of forage feeds, the cattle need additional source of feed such as from glyricidea and leucaena leaves which can be
planted by farmers in their backyard or as fences along the housing areas. Keeping cattle has been internalized in the cultural habits of farmers in the vicinity of teak
forest areas because cattle is deemed as assets τraja kaya” and as a symbol of τsocial status” even though the management is still traditional and therefore guidance in terms of better
management good farming practices to optimize the potency of human resources, natural resources and of course the feed availability Jarmani et al., 2008.
Vegetations under the teak forest are available for cattle feeds, while the areas between teak plant, especially under 2-3 year old teak trees are also available for grasses or legume foliage
production, besides for food crop production or medicinal herb production. This is due to the fact that photosynthetic activities of the plants under the young teak plants are still possible
when adequate sunlight is available. The concept of sylvo-pasture may be appropriate to be developed in these areas under the system of integration between forest areas and cattle
production, although the meaning of integration do not have to be cattle grazing in the forest areas. The cattle may be kept in houses close to the farmers housing but the feed resources
can be obtained from the production of grasses and legumes from the forest areas with cut- and-carry feeding system. Sajimin et al. 2009 indicated that stripped cropping of leguminous
plant such as glyricidea, grasses and food crop maize did not reduce the maize production, even the availability of forages for cattle feed was higher as compared to the monoculture
system of food crop. Developing sylvo-pasture management is also appropriate for the protection of people disruption of the forest production, and therefore keeping a better
ecosystem that resulted in an eternal forest production while the cattle manure can be used to improve the soil fertility besides can be used as source of alternative renewable energy
biogas. On the other hand, the system will make possible of higher cattle production due to the adequate availability of feeds and ultimately will support the government program of beef
self-sufficiency.
2. MATERIAL AND METHOD
A series of field research activity has been carried out to improve the cattle management practice in the farmers group in the forest vicinity by introducing technology to keep year-
round feed availability. The location was chosen in the forest management area KPH of Cepu and Randublatung since 2007 to 2011 involving the farmers of both locations, by
adopting the τlearning by doing” approach. The technology being introduced consisted of aerobic fermentation technique Haryanto et al., 2002 of rice straw, corn straw, corn cobs and
cassava; and demonstration plot of forage production between the young teak plants, consisting of grasses Pennisetum purpureum cv Taiwan, local Pennisetum purpureum and Panicum
maximum cv purpleguinea and herbal legumes Centrosema pubescens, Centrosema pascuorum
and
Clitoria ternatea and tree legumes Leucaena leucocephala cv taramba and Sesbania grandiflora. The introduced grasses and legumes were planted in ally cropping system along the young teak
plants approximately 2 meters from the teak plants with planting space of 50 cm. Data were presented descriptively.
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645
3. RESULT DAN DISCUSSION 3.1 Potency of teak forest as source of cattle feeds
3.1.1 Source forage Teak forest areas with high potency of cattle production can be found in Blora, Grobogan,
Wonogiri, Rembang and Pati regencies as indicated in Table 1. Table 1: Potency of Teak forest area
and its cattle population
Regency Forest Management Area
Area Ha Cattle population
thousands
Blora Randublatung, Cepu, Kebon Harjo
and Mantingan 90,604.61
198,9 Grobogan
Gundih and Telawa 69,691.53
138,6 Rembang
Kebon Harjo and Mantingan 24,147.35
116,6 Wonogiri
Surakarta 20,094.56
154,6 Pati
Pati 22,625.72
83,6 Total 5 Regencies
227,163,77 693,0
Total Central Java 651,214,02
1650,1
Source: Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi Jawa Tengah 2013, Statistik Peternakan Jawa Tengah 2013
Tabrany et al. 2004 reported that under the condition of year 2000 the feed availability for ruminants in Central Java was adequate to support the requirement of 4,052 thousands animal
units AU which was approximately equal to 1.013 million heads assuming 1 AU is 250 kg live weight, originated from crop by-products, natural grasses and introduced grasses.
Meanwhile data in Table 1 indicated that the total population of cattle in Central Java was 1.65 million heads in 2013 indicating that the feed requirement should be more than that in 2000.
It was estimated that not all of crop byproducts has been optimally used as feeds for cattle, therefore further efforts to increase the use of crop byproducts should be devoted by applying
the appropriate technology such as the aerobic fermentation technique. It is informed that every plot of forest area is equal to 30-40 hectares. Jarmani et al. 2011
reported that introducing outstanding species of grasses could produce 0.9 to 1.04 ton of dry weightha, while outstanding herbal legumes can produce 0.3 to 0.58 ton of dry weightha,
and tree legumes can produce 0.09 to 0.16 ton of dry weightha as indicated in Table 2. The description of the grasses is indicated in Figure 1.
Table 2: Average of forage production
Species Fresh
Weight gplant
Dry Weight gplant
Fresh Production
tonha Dry Weight
Production tha
Grasses
Pennisetum purpureum cv Taiwan 365,63
83,36 3,656
1,042 Pennisetum purpureum local
145,96 72,02
1,825 0,900
Panicum maximum cv Purpleguinea 196,91
82,67 2,461
1,033
Herbal Legumes
Centrosema pubescens 74,44
46,89 0,931
0,586 Centrosema pascuorum
31,25 24,25
0,391 0,303
Clitoria ternatea 81,20
40,19 1,015
0,502
Tree Legumes
Leucaena leucocephala cv taramba 34,60
22,87 0,208
0,086 Sesbania grandiflora
125,70 44,66
0,754 0,167
Source: Jarmani et. al. 2011
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646 Figure 1: Grasses introduced between young teak trees
Introducing Pennisetum purpureum or Panicum maximum between young teak plants within one plot of forest area could produce 600-800 ton of fresh grasses in a year which is approximately
equal to 120-160 ton of dry matter or adequate to support the feed requirements for 50-70 animal units AU for one year. This means that for those five residences with high cattle
population are still lack of feeds for all the cattle if the source of feeds is only from the forest area, therefore it is necessary that the use of food crop byproducts be optimized such as rice
straw, corn straw and corn cobs rather than being burnt after harvesting time. Food crop byproducts are good source of fibrous feed which is the primary form of feeds required by
cattle, even though the nutritive value should be improved before being fed to the animals. Application of aerobic fermentation to rice straw Haryanto et al., 2002 increased the protein
content from 3 before being fermented into 7-9 after fermentation. Jarmani et al. 2013 reported that the protein content of corn cobs was increased from 6 before fermentation to
8 after fermentation. The production of rice and corn in Central Java in 2013 is indicated in Table 3. The production of byproducts of rice and corn was approximately similar to the grain
production 5.6 ton of rice strawha, 5.5 ton of corn strawha, therefore the potency of food crop byproducts should be adequate to support the feed requirement of 42,627 animal units.
In addition to the available food crop byproducts, it is also possible to develop other species of cereals such as sorghum which is suitable for ruminant feeds besides the species is
adaptable to the existing local climatic conditions such as that in the teak forest areas. Table 3: Production of rice and corn in Central Java in 2013
Commodity Harvested Area
ha Production ton
Productivity tonha
Rice 1,845,447
10,344,816 5.606
Corn 532,061
2,930,911 5.509
Source: BPS Jawa Tengah 2013
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647 3.1.2 Prospective source of feed and food
Sorghum is a species of graminae which grows to approximately 6 meters high, originated from Africa, having high adaptability to dry condition. The nutritive value is high as indicated in
Table 4 and can be used as substitute for rice Beti et al., 1990. Sorghum does not require a lot of water as compared to rice and corn. Sorghum can be harvested 2-3 times before being
replanted and the production cost is much lower than that of rice and corn. In Lamongan the sorghum production may reached 6.67 tonha; while information from farmer in Lamongan
saying that feeding cattle using sorghum increased the cattle productivity as compared to feeding solely with grasses and planting sorghum was preferable to elephant grass Pennisetum
purpureum Personal com. Table 4: Nutritive content of feedstuffs
Feedstuffs Energy
kal Protein
g Fat
g Carbo
hydrate g
Water Fiber
Ca mg
P mgFe mg
Sorghum 332
11 3,30
73 11,20
2,30 28
287 4,40 Rice
360 7
6,70 79
9,80 1
6 147 0,80
Maize 361
9 4,50
72 13,50
2,70 9
380 460 Potato
81 2
0,10 19
-- -
11 56 0,70
Cassava 157
1,20 6,70
79 9,80
- 33
40 0,70 Sweet Potato
123 1,80
0,70 28
9,80 1
6 40 0,70
Wheat flour 365
1,30 6,70
79 9,80
1 6
40 0,70
Sumber: Beti et. al. 1990
3.1.3 Problems and suggested solutions Fire is one of the primary constraints in maintaining forage seed production besides the
competition between the growths of introduced forage species with the Imperata cylindrica Alang-alang. It is possibly due to the fact that during weeding, the alang-alang is left in the
area which subsequently will grow even better because the area is fertilized and watered. It is therefore suggested to the farmers that they grow the introduced species of forages in their
own land, by which farmers have their own forage production. The problem of lack of labor for the forage seed management during the dry season was
associated to the fact that most of farmers work off-
farm τmerantau”; therefore it is suggested that school children of junior high be guided to manage the forage seed production
while at the same time they have the chance to learn how to produce forage for the cattle. For women, it is suggested that they do the preparation of cassava, collecting corn cobs and corn
straw for fermentation process before being used as cattle feed.
4. CONCLUSION