MATERIAL AND METHOD RESULT DAN DISCUSSION 1 Potency of teak forest as source of cattle feeds

Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 644 reduction in cattle population and therefore reducing the meat production. These conditions need special measures from the government in order to increase the cattle population and its productivity, besides to protect the existence of local genetic resources including the Ongole grade cattle. Feed availability in adequate quantity and quality is a serious problem for increasing the beef cattle productivity. Subiharta et al. 2005 reported that 95 of farmers encountered lack of feeds during the dry season; therefore during lack of forage feeds, the cattle need additional source of feed such as from glyricidea and leucaena leaves which can be planted by farmers in their backyard or as fences along the housing areas. Keeping cattle has been internalized in the cultural habits of farmers in the vicinity of teak forest areas because cattle is deemed as assets τraja kaya” and as a symbol of τsocial status” even though the management is still traditional and therefore guidance in terms of better management good farming practices to optimize the potency of human resources, natural resources and of course the feed availability Jarmani et al., 2008. Vegetations under the teak forest are available for cattle feeds, while the areas between teak plant, especially under 2-3 year old teak trees are also available for grasses or legume foliage production, besides for food crop production or medicinal herb production. This is due to the fact that photosynthetic activities of the plants under the young teak plants are still possible when adequate sunlight is available. The concept of sylvo-pasture may be appropriate to be developed in these areas under the system of integration between forest areas and cattle production, although the meaning of integration do not have to be cattle grazing in the forest areas. The cattle may be kept in houses close to the farmers housing but the feed resources can be obtained from the production of grasses and legumes from the forest areas with cut- and-carry feeding system. Sajimin et al. 2009 indicated that stripped cropping of leguminous plant such as glyricidea, grasses and food crop maize did not reduce the maize production, even the availability of forages for cattle feed was higher as compared to the monoculture system of food crop. Developing sylvo-pasture management is also appropriate for the protection of people disruption of the forest production, and therefore keeping a better ecosystem that resulted in an eternal forest production while the cattle manure can be used to improve the soil fertility besides can be used as source of alternative renewable energy biogas. On the other hand, the system will make possible of higher cattle production due to the adequate availability of feeds and ultimately will support the government program of beef self-sufficiency.

2. MATERIAL AND METHOD

A series of field research activity has been carried out to improve the cattle management practice in the farmers group in the forest vicinity by introducing technology to keep year- round feed availability. The location was chosen in the forest management area KPH of Cepu and Randublatung since 2007 to 2011 involving the farmers of both locations, by adopting the τlearning by doing” approach. The technology being introduced consisted of aerobic fermentation technique Haryanto et al., 2002 of rice straw, corn straw, corn cobs and cassava; and demonstration plot of forage production between the young teak plants, consisting of grasses Pennisetum purpureum cv Taiwan, local Pennisetum purpureum and Panicum maximum cv purpleguinea and herbal legumes Centrosema pubescens, Centrosema pascuorum and Clitoria ternatea and tree legumes Leucaena leucocephala cv taramba and Sesbania grandiflora. The introduced grasses and legumes were planted in ally cropping system along the young teak plants approximately 2 meters from the teak plants with planting space of 50 cm. Data were presented descriptively. Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 645 3. RESULT DAN DISCUSSION 3.1 Potency of teak forest as source of cattle feeds 3.1.1 Source forage Teak forest areas with high potency of cattle production can be found in Blora, Grobogan, Wonogiri, Rembang and Pati regencies as indicated in Table 1. Table 1: Potency of Teak forest area and its cattle population Regency Forest Management Area Area Ha Cattle population thousands Blora Randublatung, Cepu, Kebon Harjo and Mantingan 90,604.61 198,9 Grobogan Gundih and Telawa 69,691.53 138,6 Rembang Kebon Harjo and Mantingan 24,147.35 116,6 Wonogiri Surakarta 20,094.56 154,6 Pati Pati 22,625.72 83,6 Total 5 Regencies 227,163,77 693,0 Total Central Java 651,214,02 1650,1 Source: Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi Jawa Tengah 2013, Statistik Peternakan Jawa Tengah 2013 Tabrany et al. 2004 reported that under the condition of year 2000 the feed availability for ruminants in Central Java was adequate to support the requirement of 4,052 thousands animal units AU which was approximately equal to 1.013 million heads assuming 1 AU is 250 kg live weight, originated from crop by-products, natural grasses and introduced grasses. Meanwhile data in Table 1 indicated that the total population of cattle in Central Java was 1.65 million heads in 2013 indicating that the feed requirement should be more than that in 2000. It was estimated that not all of crop byproducts has been optimally used as feeds for cattle, therefore further efforts to increase the use of crop byproducts should be devoted by applying the appropriate technology such as the aerobic fermentation technique. It is informed that every plot of forest area is equal to 30-40 hectares. Jarmani et al. 2011 reported that introducing outstanding species of grasses could produce 0.9 to 1.04 ton of dry weightha, while outstanding herbal legumes can produce 0.3 to 0.58 ton of dry weightha, and tree legumes can produce 0.09 to 0.16 ton of dry weightha as indicated in Table 2. The description of the grasses is indicated in Figure 1. Table 2: Average of forage production Species Fresh Weight gplant Dry Weight gplant Fresh Production tonha Dry Weight Production tha Grasses Pennisetum purpureum cv Taiwan 365,63 83,36 3,656 1,042 Pennisetum purpureum local 145,96 72,02 1,825 0,900 Panicum maximum cv Purpleguinea 196,91 82,67 2,461 1,033 Herbal Legumes Centrosema pubescens 74,44 46,89 0,931 0,586 Centrosema pascuorum 31,25 24,25 0,391 0,303 Clitoria ternatea 81,20 40,19 1,015 0,502 Tree Legumes Leucaena leucocephala cv taramba 34,60 22,87 0,208 0,086 Sesbania grandiflora 125,70 44,66 0,754 0,167 Source: Jarmani et. al. 2011 Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 646 Figure 1: Grasses introduced between young teak trees Introducing Pennisetum purpureum or Panicum maximum between young teak plants within one plot of forest area could produce 600-800 ton of fresh grasses in a year which is approximately equal to 120-160 ton of dry matter or adequate to support the feed requirements for 50-70 animal units AU for one year. This means that for those five residences with high cattle population are still lack of feeds for all the cattle if the source of feeds is only from the forest area, therefore it is necessary that the use of food crop byproducts be optimized such as rice straw, corn straw and corn cobs rather than being burnt after harvesting time. Food crop byproducts are good source of fibrous feed which is the primary form of feeds required by cattle, even though the nutritive value should be improved before being fed to the animals. Application of aerobic fermentation to rice straw Haryanto et al., 2002 increased the protein content from 3 before being fermented into 7-9 after fermentation. Jarmani et al. 2013 reported that the protein content of corn cobs was increased from 6 before fermentation to 8 after fermentation. The production of rice and corn in Central Java in 2013 is indicated in Table 3. The production of byproducts of rice and corn was approximately similar to the grain production 5.6 ton of rice strawha, 5.5 ton of corn strawha, therefore the potency of food crop byproducts should be adequate to support the feed requirement of 42,627 animal units. In addition to the available food crop byproducts, it is also possible to develop other species of cereals such as sorghum which is suitable for ruminant feeds besides the species is adaptable to the existing local climatic conditions such as that in the teak forest areas. Table 3: Production of rice and corn in Central Java in 2013 Commodity Harvested Area ha Production ton Productivity tonha Rice 1,845,447 10,344,816 5.606 Corn 532,061 2,930,911 5.509 Source: BPS Jawa Tengah 2013 Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 647 3.1.2 Prospective source of feed and food Sorghum is a species of graminae which grows to approximately 6 meters high, originated from Africa, having high adaptability to dry condition. The nutritive value is high as indicated in Table 4 and can be used as substitute for rice Beti et al., 1990. Sorghum does not require a lot of water as compared to rice and corn. Sorghum can be harvested 2-3 times before being replanted and the production cost is much lower than that of rice and corn. In Lamongan the sorghum production may reached 6.67 tonha; while information from farmer in Lamongan saying that feeding cattle using sorghum increased the cattle productivity as compared to feeding solely with grasses and planting sorghum was preferable to elephant grass Pennisetum purpureum Personal com. Table 4: Nutritive content of feedstuffs Feedstuffs Energy kal Protein g Fat g Carbo hydrate g Water Fiber Ca mg P mgFe mg Sorghum 332 11 3,30 73 11,20 2,30 28 287 4,40 Rice 360 7 6,70 79 9,80 1 6 147 0,80 Maize 361 9 4,50 72 13,50 2,70 9 380 460 Potato 81 2 0,10 19 -- - 11 56 0,70 Cassava 157 1,20 6,70 79 9,80 - 33 40 0,70 Sweet Potato 123 1,80 0,70 28 9,80 1 6 40 0,70 Wheat flour 365 1,30 6,70 79 9,80 1 6 40 0,70 Sumber: Beti et. al. 1990 3.1.3 Problems and suggested solutions Fire is one of the primary constraints in maintaining forage seed production besides the competition between the growths of introduced forage species with the Imperata cylindrica Alang-alang. It is possibly due to the fact that during weeding, the alang-alang is left in the area which subsequently will grow even better because the area is fertilized and watered. It is therefore suggested to the farmers that they grow the introduced species of forages in their own land, by which farmers have their own forage production. The problem of lack of labor for the forage seed management during the dry season was associated to the fact that most of farmers work off- farm τmerantau”; therefore it is suggested that school children of junior high be guided to manage the forage seed production while at the same time they have the chance to learn how to produce forage for the cattle. For women, it is suggested that they do the preparation of cassava, collecting corn cobs and corn straw for fermentation process before being used as cattle feed.

4. CONCLUSION