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453 percentage of species dominance D van Helvoort 1981, evenness, and Jaccard’s similarity
index S
j
Krebs 1999.
Figure 1: Map of Lambusango Forest, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Source of map: adapted from Singer Purwanto 2006
3. RESULT 3.1 Bird Diversity
In 2013 there were 62 bird species found in the study area, belonging to 29 families. In 2014, the number of birds found was 60 species from 30 families. Although the species number and
family number were more or less similar in both years, the bird distribution patterns in the three levels of disturbances showed substantial differences.
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454 Number of species and family in primary forest for both years were very different. Clearly, in
2013, where rainfall was extraordinarily heavy, the primary forest no disturbance site was inhabited my twice as much species compared to the normal rainfall in 2014. In the primary
forest, the number of individuals was also much higher in 2013 high rainfall compare to 2014 normal rainfall, as showed in the encounter rate Table 1.
Further analysis on the encounter rates revealed that in 2013 the number of bird species observed in the sampled transects were much higher than in 2014. This happened not only in
the primary forest, but also in the secondary forest and mixed plantation. Evenness patterns in both years also differed, with 2013 showed more even in number of encountered for each
species, resulting in a higher evenness number. Table 1: Number of bird species found in various disturbance levels in Lambusango Forest,
2013 and 2014
Year Habitat Type
Level of Disturbance Number
of Species Number
of Family Evenness
Encounter Rate
2013 Primary forest
No disturbance 33
23 0.89
36,60 Secondary
forest Low disturbance
37 25
0.88 56,50
Mixed plantation
Medium disturbance 42
24 0.88
60,60 2014
Primary forest No disturbance
17 14
0,53 9,08
Secondary forest
Low disturbance 33
22 0,50
25,25 Mixed
plantation Medium disturbance
43 21
0,54 26,08
Number of individualobservation hour
Figure 2: Shannon diversity indices H’ of bird in various disturbance levels in Lambusango Forest, 2013 and 2014
Diversity indices also showed different patterns in both years. In 2013, all disturbance sites had an almost uniform high Shannon Diversity
Indices H’; ranging from 3.13 to 3.31. In 2014, H’ showed an increasing pattern: low diversity in no disturbance site H’ 2.50, higher in
low disturbance site H’ 2.86, and reached the highest in the medium disturbance site H’ 3.12; Figure 2.
3.13 3.21
3.31 2.50
2.86 3.12
0.0 0.5
1.0 1.5
2.0 2.5
3.0 3.5
No Distrubance Low Disturbance
Medium Disturbance
S h
a n
n on
d iv
er si
ty i
n d
ex
2013 2014
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455
3.2 Bird similarity among habitat
Jaccard’s similarity indices were calculated to reveal the closeness of avian community or composition in a certain site, as this parameter was not shown in the number of bird species
and H’. In both observation years, the trend was similar. Bird community in no disturbance site and low disturbance site had a 77-78 similarity. When these two habitats were
compared to the medium plantation, the differences were rather high i.e. 44 in 2013 and 57 in 2014.
This data clearly showed that bird community had significant responses to the human disturbance, especially to the medium disturbances. The number of species in the medium
disturbances was higher than in no or low disturbances in both years, but about half of the species members were actually composed of different species.
Figure 3 : Jaccard’s similarity indices IS
J
of avian communities in the three disturbance gradient sites, 2013 and 2014
3.3 Species composition
Omitting aerial feeder which could be a non-resident species i.e. Glossy Swiftlet, Sulawesi Babbler Trichastoma celebense was dominated all three disturbance gradients in both
observation years. It means that the Sulawesi Babbler is a generalist species, capable to exploiting resources everywhere. Other species that also seemed to be generalist were Green
Imperial Pigeon Ducula aenea, Golden-mantled Racquet-tail Prioniturus platurus and Black- naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis.
Both hornbill species found in the study area Knobbed Hornbill Aceros cassidix and Sulawesi Hornbill Penelopides exarhatus showed different responses. These two species were dominated
the habitat with no and low disturbance only data of 2014. When the habitat had a more intense disturbance, they were found in a very low number in 2014 and even cannot be
found anymore in 2013.
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456
3.4 Species composition
Omitting aerial feeder which could be a non-resident species i.e. Glossy Swiftlet, Sulawesi Babbler Trichastoma celebense was dominated all three disturbance gradients in both
observation years. It means that the Sulawesi Babbler is a generalist species, capable to exploiting resources everywhere. Other species that also seemed to be generalist were Green
Imperial Pigeon Ducula aenea, Golden-mantled Racquet-tail Prioniturus platurus and Black- naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis.
Both hornbill species found in the study area Knobbed Hornbill Aceros cassidix and Sulawesi Hornbill Penelopides exarhatus showed different responses. These two species were dominated
the habitat with no and low disturbance only data of 2014. When the habitat had a more intense disturbance, they were found in a very low number in 2014 and even cannot be
found anymore in 2013.
Collared Kingfisher Halcyon chloris, Bay Coucal Centropus celebensis, and White-necked Myna Streptocitta albicollis seemed to be well nourished in the medium disturbance area. In this level
of disturbance, parrots Psittacidae, cuckoos Cuculidae, kingfishers Alcedinidae, sunbirds Dicaeidae and flowerpeckers Nectariniidae were able to adapt the disturbances caused by
human. The complete list of bird species found in the area in both years is presented in Annex 1.
Collared Kingfisher Halcyon chloris, Bay Coucal Centropus celebensis, and White-necked Myna Streptocitta albicollis seemed to be well nourished in the medium disturbance area. In this level
of disturbance, parrots Psittacidae, cuckoos Cuculidae, kingfishers Alcedinidae, sunbirds Dicaeidae and flowerpeckers Nectariniidae were able to adapt the disturbances caused by
human. The complete list of bird species found in the area in both years is presented in Annex 1.
Table 2: Five most dominant species and its dominant value in each habitat type in Lambusango Forest, 2013 and 2014 dominant species in both years are written in bold
Disturbance 2013
2014 Species
Dominant Value
Species Dominant
Value
No Disturbance primary forest
Green Imperial Pigeon 10.65
Sulawesi Babbler 19.27
Golden-mantled Racquet-tail 7.37
Red-knobbed Hornbill 12.84
Sulawesi Babbler 7.11
Green Imperial Pigeon 12.84
Pied Cuckooshrike 6.28
White-bellied Imperial Pigeon 11.01
Black-naped Oriole 6.28
Sulawesi Hornbill 6.42
Low Disturbance secondary forest
Green Imperial Pigeon 8.67
Green Imperial Pigeon 22.11
Sulawesi Babbler 8.31
Sulawesi Hornbill 9.24
Glossy Swiftlet 8.14
Sulawesi Babbler 7.26
Black-naped Monarch 6.54
Black-naped Oriole 6.93
Black-naped Oriole 6.01
Golden-mantled Racquet-tail 6.93
Medium Disturbance
mixed plantation Sulawesi Babbler
9.57 Glossy Swiftlet
19.17
Glossy Swiftlet 8.91
Sulawesi Babbler 13.41
Collared Kingfisher 7.26
Bay Coucal 7.34
Golden-mantled Racquet-tail 5.94
Green Imperial Pigeon 7.02
Black-naped Oriole 5.11
White-necked Myna 4.47
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4. DISCUSSION 4.1 Bird respond to the human disturbances
