RESULT AND DISCUSSION 1 Growth

Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 174 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Growth Naturally nyamplung grows on marginal sandy coastal area and it is tolerant to salinity, on loamy soil with good drainage, pH 4 – 7.4, can grow well at 1–200 m asl., type of rainfall A and B 1000 –3000 mmyear, 4–5 dry months, and 18–33 o C Bustomi, et al., 2008. Growth is influenced by genetic and environment factors Zobel Talbert, 1984. The characteristics of the growth of nyamplung were different from other species for timber products. The planting technique of nyamplung for fruits products was to gain more fruits. It was manifested with wider spacing 5 x 5 m to get plants with more branches and reachable when harvesting the fruits. According to Roshetko and Evans 1999, to thoroughly assess the potential of promising and preferred native tree species for on-farm domestication should first take into consideration plant spacing and pattern, management practice and suitability or growth performance in varying site conditions. Table 1: Height and diameter of nyamplung at 12, 18, dan 24 months after planting in the three locations Location height m diameter cm of plantation 12 months 18 months 24 months 18 months 24 months 1. Pangandaran - average 0.78 1.04 1.15 - - - range 0.53 1.5 0.75 1.9 0.80 1.90 - - 2. Wonogiri - average 0.94 1.81 2.87 - 3.00 - range 0.36 1.42 0.4 2.49 0.22 4.3 - 1.02 4.65 3. Gunung Kidul - average 0.95 1.74 - 1.14 - - range 0.65 1.61 1.26 2.94 - 0.3 2.5 - Source: Hasnah and Windyarini 2015 Table 2: Branching on nyamplung at the three locations of plantation Location of plantation 18 months Scoring 24 months Scoring 1 2 3 1 2 3 Pangandaran 72 24 4 38 54 8 Wonogiri 38 45 18 15 40 44 Gunung Kidul - - - 63 34 3 Source: Hasnah Windyarini 2015 Nyamplung showed different performances in growth characteristics survival rate, height, diameter, branching, flowering and fruiting in the three location of plantation in Pangandaran, Wonogiri and Gunung Kidul Table 1 and Table 2 although the genetic material came from the same seed source i.e. Gunung Kidul population Hasnah Windyarini, 2015. Therefore the differences among others were suggested due to environmental condition. Generally the three locations of nyamplung plantations in Pangandaran, Wonogiri, and Gunung Kidul were suitable for it to grow since they were in a range of its natural habitat Table 3. The differences in their site characteristics were suggested to govern their performance differences Hasnah Windyarini, 2015. Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 175 Table 3: Environmental condition of nyamplung plantation in the three locations Uraian Pangandaran Wonogiri Gunung Kidul Longitude 108°40′ East 110 o 41 East 110°32’55” East Latitude 7°43′ South 7 o 32 South 7°53’25” South Altitude m asl. 141 150 Rainfall mmyear 2848 1878 1.809 Temperature C 29 – 37 20-38 21-32 Soil nutrients N = 56 –126 ppm P = 45 –55 ppm K = 0.04 –0.08 me100g N = 0,04 –0,07 P = 1.80 –4.07 ppm K = 0.11 –0.13 me100g N=0.27 –0.35 P=2.48 –6.17 ppm K=0.11 –0.19 me100g Soil texture sandy Loamy Loamy Source: Hasnah, 2015; Adinugraha, 2012 Table 4: Growth performance height, diameter, branching of nyamplung Provenance Seed Stand in Wonogiri Central Java No Traits PP 1 PP 2 PP 3 PP 4 PP 5 1 years 1. Height m 0.50 0.47 0.47 0.76 1.04 2. Survival rate 90.00 90.00 93.00 98.00 100.00 2 years 1. Height m 1.35 0.70 1.78 2.56 3.16 2. Diameter cm 2.59 3.33 3. Branching scoring 1 -3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 3 years 1. Height m 2.23 1.38 2.82 4.62 5.11 2. Diameter cm 1.85 1.84 2.70 4.85 5.54 3. Branching scoring 1-3 1.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 Source: Windyarini and Hasnah 2014 Table 5: Site characteristics of nyamplung Provenace Seed Stand in Wonogiri Central Java Site characteristics PP 1 PP 2 PP 3 PP 4 PP 5 C 2.14 1.70 0.99 1.25 1.25 Organic materials 3.69 2.94 1.71 2.16 2.16 N 0.12 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.07 P ppm 1.34 1.38 0.75 1.80 4.07 K me100 gr 0.07 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.11 Clay 53.84 57.14 42.56 42.19 44.00 Dust 35.04 13.42 34.11 46.75 28.00 Sand 11.12 29.44 34.11 46.75 28.00 Soil texture loamy loamy loamy loamy loamy Flooded no no no once a year once a year Source: Windyarini Hasnah 2014 The environmental condition of nyamplung Provenance Seed Stand in Wonogiri Table 3 was generally in a range of its natural habitat. However there were differences in microclimate condition among permanent plots PP Table 4. This condition was suggested to govern the different performances among five plots, the plots located at the river bank of Bengawan Solo which was higher in soil nutrients and was flooded once a year PP 4 and PP 5 showed better performances among others PP 1, PP 2, and PP3 Windyarini Hasnah, 2014. The growth Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 176 characteristics in the plots PP 4 and PP 5 were also reported had highest performances among other plantation in Pangandaran and even in its origin seed source in Gunung Kidul Hasnah Windyarini, 2015. This was an interesting phenomenon that the growth of nyamplung in Wonogiri exceeded the growth of nyamplung planted in Gunung Kidul. It was suggested that the new environmental condition in Wonogiri was more favorable for the growth of nyamplung than the growth in its source. The ultimate difference between Wonogiri and Gunung Kidul is on the thickness of the soil layer, Gunung Kidul soil layer is thinner 30 cm than Wonogiri Wiyono et al., 2006. Up to three years of plantation, growth characteristics of nyamplung in Provenance Seed Stand in Wonogiri showed high performances Table 4. This was indicating that the environmental condition in Wonogiri Table 5 was favorable for it to grow and reproduce. This also was supported by the high survival rate 95 at the age of 3 years so that the species grow and adapt well in such environment. 3.2 Flowering and Fruiting The results of periodical measurements showed that flowering and fruiting of nyamplung Provenance Seed Stand in Wonogiri was started flowered at 1.5 years after planting although still 3.25 of the total trees. The numbers of trees flowering were increased every year untill 25.71 per year Figure 1. These results were much better compare with nyamplung plantation in severeal location that the first flowering generally in seven years after planting Bustomi et al., 2008. However, the flowering trees were located in ledges Bengawan Solo river with high phospate content than other permanen plots, therefore nutrient element for growth more available Windyarini Hasna, 2014. Figure 1: The numbers of trees flowering at the age of three years in nyamplung Provenance Seed Stand Figure 2 shows that the trees flowered and fruited were found in every month during December 2013 to November 2014 in the first fruiting season, its mean that the flowers and fruits were found all the year. The peak season of flower was found twice, in May to June and from September to October. The peak season of young fruits was found in January to February and from September to November, whereas for the ripe fruits in January to May and August to October with fruit abundantly found in September. In this month September show that the flowers, young and ripe fruits were found most numerous trees than other months. The results were similar with the origin of seed source from Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta that the peak of flower and fruit season were found twice in the year Leksono et. al., 2014b, and also in most other locations Bustomi et al., 2008. However, thi situation was Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 177 different in Lombok and Nusa Penida Islands where peak season of flowering was found in April to June and fruiting in May to July or only once a year Handoko et al.,, 2013. Figure 2: The numbers of trees flowering and fruiting in nyamplung Provenance Seed Stand in Wonogiri In general, flowering dan fruiting in the nyamplung provenance seed stand were not stable yet, because the observation was conduted in the first flowering and fruiting season in the seed source third year, thus observation need to be continued until all the trees is stable to produce fruits. This phase is very important to produce nyamplung seed as raw material for biofuel production. At large scale, reproduction of forest tree occures in the dry season and vary depending on the fertility and temperature of site Pallardy in Handoko et al., 2013. Reproduction process is influenced by many factors, and it is a fenologi which preceded by flowering until the occurrence of fruitseeds. The formation of fruit is affected by the amount of synchronization and the maturity of males and females flowers, pollinator effectivity, sufficiency sunlight, altitude, temperature, rainfall, site condition and mangement practices Burczyk Chalupka in Nurtjahjaningsih et al., 2012; Handoko et al., 2013; Kozlowski in Putri et al., 2013b 3.3 Biofuel Content Seed pressing process to obtain the bifouel content from nyamplung Provenance Seed Stand origin from Gunung Kidul was conducted to verify the content of CCO, RCCO and Biodisel. The result shows that the content of three parameter above were higher than the original seed source from Gunung Kidul population Tabel 6. Tabel 6: Biofuel content of nyamplung from nyamplung provenance seed stand in Wonogiri and seed source from Gunung Kidul population No Location CCO RCCO Biodiesel Note 1. Gunung Kidul Original Seed Source 50.00 – 50.12 46.85 – 47.52 28.95 – 29.24 Screw press expeller 2. Wonogiri Provenance Seed Stand 61.92 – 64.79 54.34 – 56.56 35.84 – 36.72 Screw press expeller Source: Leksono, et al. 2012 Bogor, 21-22 October 2015 178 Tabel 6 shows that biofuel content from Provenance Seed Stand Wonogiri produce 11 –14, 7 –9, 7–8 higher than CCO, RCCO and Biodiesel contents of original seed source Gunung Kidul, respectively. The increasing of biofuel content in the Provenance Seed Stand than the original source is due to the genetic material in the Provenance Seed Stand that was established using seed from selected trees fruitful trees of the seed source from Gunung Kidul. In addition, the thickness of the soil layer and soil fertility are also different in both locations. The genotype and environment interaction GEI will also affect the productivity of biofuel content, because GEI has been defined as the variation in relative performance of genotypes with environment Burdon, 1977. Nyamplung in Gunung Kidul research station is a plantation of 2 ha and it was established in 1950 by Forest Research and Development Agency Forda, Bogor for land rehabilitation. Under a series of natural regeneration process, the forest stand is expected to be dense and the seed productivity decreases with time although it is still able to produces seed until 50 years of age. While Provenance Seed Stand in Wonogiri was established using selected trees with wider spacing spacing 5 x 5 m and optimal to get plants with more branches and reachable when harvesting the fruits. Selection of the trees is basicaly using tree breeding program to improve productivity of forest products Burdon Shelbourne 1972; Namkoong et al., 1988. Reliance on raw materials from unselected natural or planted stands and the lack of improved nyamplung seeds have been suggested as the causes of inconsistency in nyamplung oil production and quality. Strategic breeding is one possible solution to enhance nyamplung oil quality Leksono Widyatmoko, 2010. It is started with identification of initial stand potential and land properties within and between 6 nyamplung population from Java Leksono et al., 2010 and from 6 population outside Java Leksono, 2011 and then establishment Provenance Seed Stand using genetic material with high content of biofuel in the first step. It will be continued to select best clone with high seed productivity and biofuel content and also high GCA will then be reproduced through vegetative propagation in order to shorten its reproductive age Leksono Widyatmoko, 2010. Essentially, the main objectives of any breeding strategy are to maximize the gain per unit time as rapidly and efficiently as possible, and to provide the broad genetic base for continued progress over many generations Zobel Talbert, 1984.

4. CONCLUSION