Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
333 Timber Pusat Litbang Hutan, 1993”.
The stand table from different site class can be seen in Appendices 2 and 3. Paired t-test was conducted to observe whether the concept of land
suitability classes correlate with site class in the stand table. In addition paired t-test was done to obtain whether the diameter and total height from not-suitable and marginally suitable
lands are significantly different.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Characteristics of land and
Swietenia sp at BKPH Gundih
In BKPH Gundih, soil texture based on the laboratory analysis varies from clay to loam and silty loam, even sandy loam with soil pH 7.4 to 8. Solum depth is generally shallow, from 32
soil profiles only 2 which have 90 to 100 cm depth. The majority of soils have solum around 20 to 30 cm depth as presented in Figure 2 a. The dominant slope ranges from 20 to 25,
however some of the locations have slope until 36. Although at a landscape level the slopes are steep, however terracering are applied to reduce the steepness of the micro slopes. Soil
organic matter is moderate, and the structure mainly granuler. Soil erosion is relatively low due to the existence of terraces and litter fall covers the soil. The drainage is moderate, however in
some of the flat areas the drainage are slightly slow. The age of the Swietenia sp. ranges from 13 years to 43 years . The average plant density of
the young stand is 1666 tressha, and while the density of the old stand 33 to 43 year is 483 - 683 treesha. The mean diameter and height at the youngest tand 13 years are 12.6 cm
and 8.7 m. The widest diameter found in the 38 years stand 31.3 cm and the highest reaches at the 43 years stand 17.5 m. The lowest bole height is found -in the 15 years stand, that is
4.3 m and the highest is 11 m measured at 43 year stand.
3.2 Characteristics of land and Swietenia sp at BKPH Candiroto
Soil solum in BKPH Candiroto is mostly deep, it is more than 120 cm depth. The soil textures vary, which are loam, silty loam, clay loam, and loamy clay with soil structure generally
granuler. The soil is slightly acid with pH ranges from 4.5 to 5.6. At a landscape level the slopes are steep, however at the micro level the slopes decrease due to the presence of bench
terraces. These terraces are mostly not proper because the risers are not supported by risers protectors, such as stones or grasses.
The age of Swietenia sp. at BKPH Candiroto vary from young stand of approximately 3 years to old stand that is 61 years. In average, the plant density are 2867 treesha for the young
stand and 200 treesha for the old ones. The diameter, bole height and total plant height of the 3 years stand are 2.9 cm; 2.2 m; and 3.2 m, respectively. While, for the 61 years stand the
diameter, bole height and total plant height are 55.5 cm; 10,1 m; and 19,5 m, respectively.
Figure 2: Shallow soil profil of BKPH Gundih a and deep soil at BKPH Candiroto
a b
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
334
3.3 Land suitability classes of Swietenia sp.
Analysis of land suitability classes shows that the main limitation of the biophysical factors in the study areas is soil depth, the others are macro slopes, and the number of dry month. Based
on the applied criteria Wahyuningrum et al., 2003, it is found that 46 sample plots are classified as not suitable for Swietenia sp. and the rest 37.5 are categorized as marginally
suitable for Swietenia sp. These not suitable plots are mainly 64 located in BKPH Gundih, the rest 36 are found in BKPH Candiroto. The main restriction for growing Swietenia sp.
in BKPH Gundih is the soil depth, while in BKPH Candiroto is slope. In BKPH Gundih only 4 sample plots out of 33 plots are classified as marginally suitable, while in BKPH Candiroto
25 plots out of 41 plots are marginally suitable. Table 4 shows stand characteristics in not suitable and marginally suitable land.
Table 4. The average stand characteristics of Swietenia sp. in not suitable and marginally suitable land
Suitability Age
[year] Diameter
[cm] Height
[m] Number of
[treeha]
Not suitable 9
8,2 7,3
1475 11
14,5 10,6
1238 13
12,1 8,4
1667 14
14,7 12,1
1092 15
12,9 8,6
1042 16
18,8 12,8
433 18
21,5 13,9
804 20
20,5 12,8
958 23
23,0 11,1
742 30
29,4 17,0
425 33
23,3 15,7
683 38
31,3 16,7
492 43
37,2 18,2
342 52
70,8 20,3
125 61
55,5 19,5
200 Marginally
suitable 3
2,9 3,2
2867 7
11,4 11,9
2017 9
9,7 8,6
1300 11
13,3 11,2
1775 13
11,5 10,0
1000 14
17,8 13,3
925 15
20,6 12,6
642 16
15,5 10,7
300 18
21,1 11,4
850 25
24,9 15,8
550 30
30,9 16,0
500 43
46,4 20,8
238
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
335 The diameter and total height for the observed trees are graphed and compared with those
from stand table of the Bonita I and II as provided in Figure 3 and 4. For further analyses, the tree height is refered to the total tree height. Based on Figure 3 a, it can be seen that although
the land is classied as not suitable for Swietenia sp., however the diameter growth similar to the diameter growth of Bonita II, even for some plots are higher. Differ with respect to
diameter, the height growth of Swietenia sp. from the not suitable land is lower than those of Bonita I after 20 years old as presented in Figure 3 b. When the plant densities are compared,
the tree densities from the not-suitable lands Table 4 are higher than the density in Bonita I and II Appendix 1 and 2. Therefore the higher increment of diameter from not suitable
lands is not caused by its wider space.
Figure 3: The growth comparison of diameter a and total height b of Swietenia sp. at not suitable land and those at Bonita I and II land.
The growth of Swietenia sp. in the marginally suitable land has similar pattern with the not suitable land as illustrated in Figure 4. The diameter from marginally suitable land has similar
trend with Bonita II. Meanwhile, the height growth in marginally suitable land is in line with that of Bonita I until the age around 28 years Figure 4 b. The same explaination with the
growth in not suitable land, the tree densities in the marginally suitable lands are higher than those of Bonita I and II. In this study the stand volume per hectare cannot be compared,
because the densities are different.
The results of paired t-test using 95 confidence interval show that the diameter in the not suitable land and the Bonita I is not significantly different Table 5. However for the
marginally suitable land the diameter are significantly different bot for Bonita I and II. The results of paired t-test using 95 confidence interval show that there are significance
differences in the growth of diameter and height in the not suitable and marginally suitable lands. The diameter growth is significance with p = 0.027 and t is =2.789, while for the height
the difference is at p = 0.032 and t = -2.266. These differences are also illustrated in graphs as presented in Figure 5. This case shows that, the range of growth requirements of Swietenia sp.
Wahyuningrum et.al, 2003, particularly for marginally suitable and not suitable are appropriate. Unfortunally, during data collection, it was difficult to find the site which are
suitable for Swietenia sp. So that, it cannot be concluded about the suitable range requirement.
a b
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
336
Figure 4: The growth comparison between diameter a and total height b of Swietenia sp. at the marginally suitable land and those from land with Bonita I and II.
Table 5: Paired t-test at 95 confidence interval of the mean diameter and height
Variable Pair data of bonita and land suitability class
t-statistic Significant 2-
tailed
Diameter Bonita I
– Not suitable 1,53
0.15 Bonita II
– Not suitable -2.27
0.04 Bonita I
– Marginally suitable -2.96
0.01 Bonita II
– Marginally suitable -4.49
0.00 Not suitable - Marginally suitable
2.79 0.03
Height Bonita I
– Not suitable -3.55
0.00 Bonita II
– Not suitable -10.89
0.00 Bonita I
– Marginally suitable -3.94
0.00 Bonita II
– Marginally suitable -3.33
0.00 Not suitable - Marginally suitable
-2.27 0.03
Figure 5: Diameter a and total height b growth of Swietenia sp. in non and marginally suitable lands
4. CONCLUSION
The diameter growth of Swietenia sp. in the not suitable and marginally suitable lands are similar to those of Bonita II, however the total height growth from those classified lands are
similar to those of Bonita I until the stands are around 20 years. The growth requirements of marginally suitable and not suitable are accurate. F
or a thorough study, the number of sample
plots especially sample in suitable sites, should be added. The application of the research findings presented in this paper is when rehabilitation or afforestation will be conducted in
areas which have similar characteristics with the current study areas, the expected diameter
20 40
60 80
100
20 40
60 80
D ia
m e
te r
c m
Age year
Non suitable Marginal suitable
5 10
15 20
25
20 40
60 80
T o
ta l h
ei g
h t
m
Age year
Non suitable Marginal suitable
b
a b
a
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
337 and height can be predicted based on the graphs presented in Figure 3 and 4. Afterwards, the
volume per area can be estimated when the tree density is known. Improvement of the areas with steep slopes at macro or landscape levels can be handled by applying terraces. However,
the type of terrace must consider its soil depth. Bench terrace is a proper choice when the soil is deep, however when the soil is shallow then contour terrace can be applied.
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TOPIC IV: FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015
339
PAPER D1 - Risk Alleviation Strategy of REDD+ Implementation in Musi Banyuasin, South-Sumatra Indonesia
Deden Djaenudin
Center of Social Economic Policy and Climate Change Research and Development, Jalan Gunung Batu No. 5 16610 Bogor Indonesia.
Corresponding Email: dendja07yahoo.com.au
ABSTRACT
Indonesia is still in the REDD+ readiness phase with several obstacles due to uncertainties that lead to failure risks. This study aims to provide some alternative strategies to alleviate the
risk level. Location of the study was at Musi Banyuasin-South Sumatra. Through an interview with key persons and an assessment on project performance by using Voluntary Carbon
Standards VCS, this study scrutinized source of uncertainties, risks and its impact as well on project performance. Based on the possibility of their occurrence, there are some
uncertainties experienced at site descendingly are a encroachment activities; b expansion of residential
areas; c number of loggers; d the tillers of land tenure issues; and e forest fires. Based on
VCS standard, the risks affecting the project was in medium level, however the project became infeasible. Some s
trategies to alleviate the risk: providing buffer area, changing the status of the project area as a protected area; reducing land conflicts; applying a disincentive for
developers who failed; applying an appropriate adaptive payment scheme; optimizing the management and utilization of existing co-benefits; and providing of an effective and efficient
finance distribution mechanism. Keywords: REDD+, uncertainty, risk, failure, strategies, Musi Banyuasin
1. INTRODUCTION
