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606 and the level of fecundity, while factor consisting of abiotic environmental factors such as
temperature, humidity, pH, and rainfall Petzoldt and Seaman, 2010. The ability to anticipate explosions of pests through pest incidence and detect explosions at an
early stage of pest development can significantly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of pest control. Based on the above description, in order to overcome the problems it is
necessary to pests and biological research on the type of pest, pest ecology and how to attack the pest. Expected to know bio ecology pests, pest control can be done effectively and
efficiently. The purpose of this study is to determine the type of pests on H. macrophyllus and the attack intensity.
2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 2.1 Materials and Equipment
The materials used in this study are: stand of H. macrophyllus, crops, alcohol, and ethyl acetate. The tools used include: gauze, tweezers, brushes, killing bottle, plastic bags and bottles.
2.2 Research and data collection procedures The study was conducted at three 3 locations in Tasikmalaya, namely Tanjungjaya district,
Sodonghilir district and Gunung Tanjung district, each selected three 3 permanent sample plots PSPs with a size of 20 mx 50 m. The characters were observed on each PSP is kind of
pests, percentage and intensity of pest attack. This is done with the inventory, collection and identification of pests.
Percentage pests calculated using the formula:
Intensity of pest attack is calculated with the formula : ∑
Where:
I = Intensity attack n = number of plants observed from any attack at the same category
v = value scale of each category of attack Z = the value scale of the highest category of attack
N = number of plants observed
2.3 Data analysis Data were analyzed using ANOVA to compare
the intensity of pests on different season and different location
. Linear model used is as follows: Yijk = + Li + Jj + + εijk LiJj
Yijk = the intensity of attacks = general mean
Li = effect of season i Jj = effect location j
LiJj = interaction of season i and location j εijk = random error at season i, location j
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3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Pest of
H. macrophyllus
The laboratorium of entomology LIPI Cibinong identification results showed that pest of H. macrophyllus is leaf-eating beetle Podagrica javana. Based on the classification, P. javana included
in: Coleoptera Order, Chrysomelidae Family, Podagrica Genus and Podagrica javana species Figure 1.
The stage of insect as pest is the larva and adult stages. According to Adewole 2010, several types of Podagrica become major pests on cultivated
plants of Malvaceae family in African regions with very heavy attack as Podagrica uniformis and Podagrica sjostedti that become pests on Okra Abelmoschus esculentus, Cotton Gosypium
herbaceum, Kenaf Hibiscus cannabius and Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa.
The reports of pest and host plant of P. javana in particular has not been found through a reference search.
In general, many of Chrysomelidae family members is a serious pest of cultivated plants. This Family is a large beetle with approximately 1500 species Borror et al., 1996. P. javana beetle
has 5 mm size with a black body and red head. This insect metamorphosis is holometabola namely egg, larva, pupa and adult insects imago. The beetle larvae feed on the leaves of host
plants. Member of the family Chrysomelidae, both imago and larvae, are leaf-eaters fitofag. They are mostly small insects and often has a shiny metallic color. Pupa of these beetles is in
the soil.
Figure 1: Podagrica javana
Figure 2. P. Javana Symptomp
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3.2 Pest of crop
Crops contained in the study sites are cardamom, bananas and taro. Pest of crop only attack cardamom while the banana and taro attack by disease. Type of pests in cardamom is aphids,
Pentalonia nigronervosa. Aphid attack symptoms such as leaf roll. Live aphids clustered in of the
leaf. Affected leaves yellowish. However this aphid attack can still be tolerated by cardamom and does not interfere with the growth of cardamom.
Based on the types of pests that attack H. macrophyllus and crops, show the different types of pests. This shows that there is no
similarity between the hosts of the pests so that a combination of H. macrophyllus with cardamom, banana and taro does not create the risk of pests and displacement sustainability of
host.
3.3 Pest attack symptoms
Phase larvae and imago of P. javana are stage of beetle that attack H. macrophyllus . Larvae and imago eat the young leaves of H. macrophyllus so that the leaves become perforated Figure 2.
Larvae and imago attack all H. macrophyllus age. P. javana prefer to attack young plants, so that pest attack on seedlings and saplings growth rate higher than pole and tree.
Podagrica spp. beetles or known as leaf beetle is causing defoliation on the leaves, causing severe damage to the plant species that bother photosynthesis and reduced fruit production as
happened in Okra plant species in Africa Banful and Mochiah, 2012; Ekoja et al., 2012. According to Adewole 2010, Podagrica beetle attracted to Malvaceae possibility due to
chemical content in the leaves of malvaceae in the form of phytate, tannin, terpenoids, flavonoids and crude fat.
3.4 Percentage and attack intensity
Percentage and attack intensity of P. javana beetle are presented in Table 1. Table 1 shows, the pest attack on H. macrophyllus relatively rather heavy to severe category with percentage attack
reach 100. Based on the extent intensity of pest attack, P. javana classified as a major pest for H. macrophyllus. The new type is first reported to be pest of H. macrophyllus. Meanwhile other
types namely P. sjostedti reported to be a major pest on Okra with attack intensity reached 80
Adewole, 2010. Table 1: Percentage and attack intensity of P. javana
District Plot
Dry season Wet season
Percentage Intensity
Percentage Intensity
Tanjungjaya Plot 1
100 58,25
100 50
Plot 2 100
50,5 100
47 Plot 3
100 27,8
100 25,7
Average 100
45,52 100
40,9 Sodonghilir
Plot 1 100
42,5 100
32,3 Plot 2
100 59,3
100 57
Plot 3 100
55 100
30 Average
100 52,27
100 39,77
Gunungtanjung Plot 1
100 55
100 52,3
Plot 2 100
53,8 100
43 Plot 3
100 61
100 55
Average 100
56,6 100
50,10
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3.5 Ecological effect on the attack intensity of P. javana
The development of pests is influenced by various factor, one of this factor is ecology aspect. Two aspects of ecology used as parameter measured in this study are season and growth rate
of H. macrophyllus represented by location. Based on analysis, influence of season and location of attack intensity show that season and location of each study significantly affect the intensity
of attacks, while the interaction between season and location was not significant Table 3.
Attack intensity of P. javana in dry season was higher 51.46 than rainy season 43.59. This condition showed that the influence of rainfall was significant to attack intensity of P.
javana. This is similar to Fasunwon and Badjo 2010, that rainfall had significant effect on populations of Podagrica, while temperature and humidity had no significant effect. Moreover,
based ANOVA test of regression models which presented in Tables 4 and 5, show that precipitation effect was significant linear with a reduction of rainfall as indicated by negative
value constant or increasing rainfall then decreasing attack intensity of P.javana. The rain can directly affect the populations of pests, when large rain, many pest are dead,
especially influential in the growth and activity of pests. The effect of rain on pest life can be directly mechanically or indirectly to air and soil condition. Mechanical influences intended as
pounding of raindrops on insects or in habitat. Heavy rain can lead a lot of beetles fall and die, causing a significant reduction of pest population.
Table 4: Further test results of location infleunce to attack intensity of P. javana
Location Intensity of attack
Tanjungjaya 43,1917a
Sodonghilir 46,0000a
Gunungtanjung 53,3333b
Table 3: Analysis results of season and location influence to P. javana intensity attack
Sum square df
Mean square F
Sig.
Corrected Model 13175,125a
5 2635,025
12,491 ,000
Intercept 812535,025
1 812535,025
3851,658 ,000
Season 5577,469
1 5577,469
26,439 ,000
Location 6580,717
2 3290,358
15,597 ,000
Season Location 1016,939
2 508,469
2,410 ,091
Error 74678,850
354 210,957
Total 900389,000
360 Corrected Total
87853,975 359
Note: = significant significantly different
Table 5: Analysis ANOVA results for linear regression
Sum square df
Mean square F
Sig.
Regresi 11748,674
2 5874,337
27,556 0,000
Residu 76105,301
357 213,180
Total 87853,975
359 Note: = significant significantly different
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610 Effect of location represents the growth rate of H. macrophyllus. Table 4 shows that attack
intensity in Gunungtanjung 53.3 was significantly different from attack intensity in Sodonghilir and Tanjungjaya. The growth rate of H. Macrophyllus in Gunungtanjung dominated
with seedlings and saplings compared to Sodonghilir and Tanjungjaya that dominated with pole and tree. Larvae and imago P. javana prefer to attack young plants, so that pest attack on
seedlings and saplings growth rate higher than pole and tree.
Table 6: Value constants and coefficients for linear regression
B KB
t Sig.
Constant 49,175
3,078 15,976 0,000
Season -7,872
1,539 -5,115 0,000
Location 5,071
,942 5,380 0,000
Note: = significant significantly different Regression models obtained are as follows:
Y = 49,175 - 7,872X
1
+ 0,571X
2
Description: Y = attack intensity
X1 = season X2 = location
Similarly, the results of the regression analysis showed that the constant of location is positive or higher composition of seedlings and saplings of H. Macrophyllus make higher the attack
intensity of P. javana. Food abundant of pest affect pest population increase that cause an increase attack intensity.
3.6 Pest control
Pest control can be done by botanists genetic, biological, chemical, physical, mechanical and cultivation techniques. Based on the study, influence of ecological factors on pest attack
intensity, the silvicultural techniques such as setting planting patterns and species composition can be used as a pest control techniques. Meanwhile, based on the reference, some kind
Podagrica can be controlled with plant extracts such as
Jatropha curcas L extracts Onunkun,
2012, sugar apple Musa et al., 2013 and Piper guenensis Mobolade et al., 2014, whereas chemical insecticides that can be used are lambdacyhalothrin Adewole, 2010 and
Cypermethrin Mobolade et al., 2014.
4. CONCLUSION
Type of pests that attack H. macrophyllus is Podagrica javana , while crop pests is aphids Pentalonia nigronervosa on cardamom. Percentage attacks reaches 100, attack intensity reaches 25 -
61 and included into rather heavy and severe category of attack.
REFERENCES Achmad, B., Purwanto, R.H. 2014. Peluang adopsi sistem agroforestry dan kontribusi
ekonomi pada berbagai pola tanam hutan rakyat di Kabupaten Ciamis. Bumi Lestari 14. Adewole, M.M. 2010. Host Preference In Family Malvaceae By Podagrica Spp.Coleoptera:
Chrysomelidae: An Oligophagus Herbivore. In, Departement of Crop Protection. University of Agriculture, Abeoukuta, Nigeria.
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arborea Roxb. di Hutan Rakyat. Tekno Hutan Tanaman Vol. 4 No. 2, 85-92. Banful, B., Mochiah, M.B. 2012. Biologically efficient and productive Okra intercropped
system in a tropical environment. Trends Hortic. Res. 2, 1-7. Borror D.J., Triplehorn, C.A., Johnson, N. F. 1996. Pengenalan Pelajaran Serangga. Edisi
Keenam. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta. Diniyati, D., Fauziyah, E. 2011. Pemilihan jenis tanaman penyusun hutan rakyat pola
agroforestry berdasarkan keputusan petani di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya. In, Seminar Nasional Agroforestry III. Balai Penelitian Teknologi Agroforestry, Yogyakarta, pp. 421-
427. Ekoja, E., Pitan, O., Ataiyese, M. 2012. Physiological Response of Okra to Flea Beetle
Herbivory as Measured by Leaf Loss, Chlorophyll Disruption, and Dry Matter Yield. International Journal of Vegetable Science 18, 171-181.
Fasunwon, B.T., Badjo, A.D. 2010. Seasonal Population Fluctuations of Podagrica species on Okra Plant Abelmoschus osculantus. . Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sc. 6, 283-288.
Heyne, K. 1987. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia Jilid III. Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Jakarta. Mobolade, A.J., Ejemen, I.J., Rufus, J.A., Festus, E.A. 2014. Control of flea beetles
Podagrica spp.Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae infestation on okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench using Piper guineense seed extracts. Archives of
Phytopathology and Plant Protection 47, 2332-2339. Musa, A.K., Yusuf, S.Y., Adebayo, T.A. 2013. Estimates of flea beetles Podagrica spp.
population and their defoliating effects on okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench treated with plant leaf extracts and synthetic pyrethroid, lambda-cyhalothrin.
International Journal of Advanced Research 1, 829-834. Onunkun, O. 2012. Evaluation of aqueous extracts of five plants in the control of flea.
JBiopest 5, 62-67. Purnomo, H. 2010. Pengantar Pengendalian Hayati. CV Andi offset. Yogyakarta.
Sudomo, A. 2012. Uji coba penanaman tisuk hibiscus macrophyllus roxb. Ex hornem di lahan hutan rakyat Kabupaten Ciamis Provinsi Jawa Barat. Prosiding SNaPP: Sains,
Teknologi, dan Kesehatan. 3, 29-36. Suhaendah, E., Siarudin, M. 2014. Pengawetan kayu tisuk Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxb
melalui rendaman dingin dengan bahan pengawet Boric Acid Equivalent. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 32, 103-110.
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POSTER A9 - Ethnobotanical Study of the Medicinal Plant Known by Dayak People in Paser, East Kalimantan
Ike Mediawati
1
, Septiana Asih Widuri
1
, Bina Swasta Sitepu
1
, Noorcahyati
1 1
Balai Penelitian Teknologi Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Jl. Soekarno Hatta Km 38 Samboja, Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, Indonesia 76112
ABSTRACT
Traditional medication is the source of modern medication development. Invention of new drugs often comes from the knowledge of traditional medication used by some ethnic groups.
The aim of this study was to document the medicinal plants and their use for traditional medication by the people of Dayak tribe at Kabupaten Paser, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
The method used in this research was by observing and collecting data particularly on the medicinal plant species, location where the plants were obtained and the usage. Specimens of
plants were also collected from the growing sites with the help of key informants for identification purpose. 107 species of plants were reported to be used by local people of
Dayak Paser as medicines. The plants were obtained from the forest. Stomachache and itchiness are the common diseases that can be treated with medicinal plants. Dayak Paser
people used root, leaves, shoot, or bark of the plants. The most common part of plants that can be used as medicine is the root. Dayak paser people process the plant by boiling the plants
in water, smear the resin on the body parts that injured, or just eat the plant raw. This research indicated that some of plants in the forest are potentially to be used as a medicine and local
people can integrate the culture of using plant medicine with the conservation effort of local biodiversity.
Keywords: Medicinal plants; Ethnobotany; Dayak Paser
1. INTRODUCTION