influence of an s in cases such as eha and ensami.
50
In sine the i could have had an influence, as it also has in Upper Mori inie ‘village’, Tinompo inia, but next to which occurs the general Mori word mia ‘person’ from the
same stem. Less certain is molue, but it deserves mention that in Upper Mori, where the change of a to e has extended much further than in Tinompo, most yet not all cases are to be explained from assimilation. For example,
many Upper Mori examples of e from a have a u in the neighboring syllable, compare Molongkuni molungke ‘lift something on one side’ for example a mat in order to look under it, or a trap in order to empty it with Tinompo
molungka.
51
Regarding the origin of e in Upper Mori -akeo in Tinompo -akono, see § 165.
39. Frequently e has originated through merger of an a and an i or y or from a diphthong ai, e.g. osole
‘corn’, Malay h ĕnjĕlai; pande ‘clever’, Malay pandai; eo-’eo ‘silhouette’, Malay bayang; keu ‘wood’, Malay kayu;
moleu ‘withered’, Malay layu; ane ‘termite’, Malay anai-anai; mohole ‘roast in a dry pot’, Padoe moholai; wee stem ‘give’, Pamona wai, Malay b
ĕri.
52
Also an e has sometimes originated from i y + a, for example: etu ‘hundred’, for yatu from ratus compare § 91
α; me’insani Upper Mori for mia insani ‘the old people, the ancestors’; mare’e ‘many’, Pamona maria the stem ria ‘be’ became ree, for re, see § 17; subsequently through vowel splitting there arose re’e, which in Pamona
is the usual word for ‘be’. [p. 34]
i.
40. As a rule the i is an original sound, as in uni ‘sound’, Javanese id.; mo’ai ‘burning, burning hot, burnt up’,
Malay hari; kita and kami, personal pronouns of the first person inclusive and exclusive, Austronesian id.; the suffix -i, Austronesian id.; olima ‘five’, Austronesian lima; opitu ‘seven’, Austronesian pitu; ihi ‘contents’, Malay isi;
etc. etc.
That i has sometimes changed into e has been mentioned above § 37. Sometimes i reflects Malayo-Polynesian
ĕ, such as in mohori Molio’a ‘hear’, from mohoringi, in which -ngi was felt to be the suffix -i, compare Napu mohadi ‘hear, feel’, pehadingi ‘listen’, Pamona sadonge ‘try to hear’
corresponding with Malay d ĕngar, etc. but with prefix sa-. witi ‘calf of the leg’, Malay bĕtis; siloli ‘flute’, Malay
s ĕruling Upper Mori silelu; owingi Watu, wingi Roda ‘night’, Malayo-Polynesian wĕngi. The cases treated in
§ 37 in which i became e must also be mentioned herewith. Although the paragogic i which makes final consonants pronounceable and thus preserves them from deletion
see § 29 cannot be considered as originating from ĕ, it nevertheless occurs in the place of an “indifferent vowel”.
41. In the following cases among others i has originated from ui:
iki ‘tail’, Upper Mori okui, Malay ekor § 91γ ia ‘tendon, sinew, vein’, Malay urat, from uia § 91α
api ‘fire’, Upper Mori, Acehnese apui
50
[Postscript, p. 33] The influence of s is also seen in the development of Pamona le and re in word-final position from originally las, l
ĕs, ras or rĕs Adriani 1931:55.
51
[Postscript, p. 33] Adriani 1931:55 mentions that certain cases of the change a to e in Pamona may be explained from the influence of a u in the following syllable.
52
[Postscript, p. 35] These forms go back to Malayo-Polynesian b ĕ
γaj; it is thus not certain that compensatory lengthening has occurred in wee.
moturi, Pamona moturu, Philippine languages tulug, tulur ahi ‘bamboo for carrying water’, Upper Mori ahui, Tontemboan stem asu
siu ‘corner’, from suiu, suyu, suru, or ḍiu, ḍuiu, etc. Adriani 1900:257–258, Malay juru,
Tontemboan ru’u, Tonsea du’u iapi ‘swollen spleen’, Pamona uyapi
hiu Molio’a, Impo ‘fine-toothed comb for seeking lice’, Parigi suyu § 101 mowohi ‘satisfied’, Javanese bĕsur § 91γ
baki, a small carry basket for women, from bakuy, Malay bakul, Tontemboan wakul Upper Mori has often retained ui. Probably i originated from iu yu in Watu ihu ‘side’, Upper Mori orusu, Malay
rusuk see § 91 β.
42. In mokahi ‘course, rough’ and sowi ‘harvest knife’, the final i originated from ai, compare respectively
Malay kasar and k ĕsat and tuai. Probably Padoe me’iki intransitive ‘kiss’ should also be mentioned here, as one
could consider that the stem iki originated from ayaki or ayiki, aiki, compare Pamona eki, Old Javanese ar ĕk,
Tagalog halik, etc. general Philippine ar
1
ĕk; see § 101. Under the influence of a palatal sound i originated from u in cases such as:
mo’isa Tinompo ‘stamp, pestle’, Upper Mori mo’use, Pamona tuja unless one considers isa and usa not to be cognate, as does Adriani 1900:296
montiso ‘show, point out’, Malay tunjuk, Pamona tuju montasi ‘hand, pass, give’, Pamona tonju
simo ‘clothes louse’, Malay tuma tuma first became suma, see § 72 One could suppose something similar influence of r in cases such as kare Upper Mori, karu Tinompo ‘foot,
leg, paw, post’; leberi and leberu ‘soft sago porridge’. See also under u § 48. [p. 35]
Concerning i which has originated from y, see § 104. Concerning the omission of word-initial i, see § 31.
o.
43. One can speak of an original o in onomatopoetic words and interjections, such as tirioe ‘species of bird’
named after its call; me’ongeli ‘moo, low’; umo’oro ‘clear one’s throat’; mebooli intransitive ‘call, hail’ which in Pamona is done with boo; oo, call words; adodo, an exclamation of pain ‘ow’; hoi, an exclamation of surprise; etc.
The sound o is also original in words such as ondo, a kind of plant with tubers, Tontemboan ondot, Ambonese, Soboyo ondo; pongko monga’e, the name of a ghost originating from a werewolf J. Kruyt 1924:138, compare
Pamona pongko ‘sorcerer, master of black magic’ who can lay down his body without a head, Malay ponggok ‘stumpy’.
Nevertheless, in general o is not original, but originates from another sound, particularly a and u. The latter lies close to o; in Philippine languages the two sounds are not distinguished. In Malay and closely related languages o
and u frequently alternate, of which u is generally the original sound. Examples of the alternation of o and u u more often becomes o in Upper Mori than in Tinompo are:
baso Watu, a kind of carry-basket, Tinompo basu, Malay basung hulo Upper Mori, Tinompo hulu ‘resin, torch’
mesombolako Watu, mesumbalako Tinompo ‘walk on stilts’ mowuno ‘throw at someone or something’, Pamona wunu, Malay bunuh
wulo ‘bamboo species’, Malay buluh nggapo Impo, Tinompo nggapu ‘cat’
montoto’i Molongkuni, Tinompo montutu’i ‘strip a portion of the branches off a tree’ monangoi or monangui ‘swim’ the latter form is original, compare Pamona monangu, Acehnese
meulangue, Javanese langi, Makasarese lange, Bugis nange li’oho Upper Mori, Tinompo le’uha ‘nit’, Pamona lioso, Tontemboan lĕse’a
timba’u, a kind of heron, Pamona timba’o wunu, name of a tree, Pamona bono
wungo ‘purple’, Malay ungu
44. Often o has originated from a, such as in:
