Reduplication has a strengthening meaning or a nuance thereof in:

 ko-hawe-no koa i Kalamboro i-kita ira-mo at-arrive-3 SG . POS just PN People.eater 3 SG -see 3 PL - PERF kusi-no n-te-lo-lompa-o-mo luwu earthen.pitcher-3 SG . POS PL - NON . AG - REDP -make.hole-3 SG - PERF all ‘as soon as People-eater had come, he saw that all his earthen pots had holes’  hawe-no atuu, tekonai-o-mo me-mo-to-taha 18 arrive-3 SG . POS that for.awhile-3 SG - PERF PL - ADJ - REDP -ripe ‘when he had come to the trees, it turned out that they the fruits were ripe’ It must further be remarked that the concerned forms are sometimes encountered with double reduplication, thus memosososa’o ‘one and all bad’, memolululue ‘one and all broad’, memorororawu ‘one and all blind’, etc. in such cases it appears that me- cannot be omitted, likewise mememososa’o, mememororawu, mememomo’ito ‘one and all black, brown’, etc. It must further be remarked that sometimes such forms refer not to a plural word, but rather to one which is singular in its reference. In this case the meaning is to be described not as ‘one by one being what the adjective denotes’, but rather as ‘in various places being what is denoted by the adjective’, and the remarks made in § 256 with regard to the prefixing of a plural marker are applicable. Belonging to this category are forms such as:  mengkokamba ‘beset with swellings, pustules kamba in many places’ in reference to a plurality, this can also mean ‘one and all swollen’  mengkokombo with double reduplication: memengkokombo, said of someone whose body is entirely or in many places bloated kombo

115. Reduplication has a strengthening meaning or a nuance thereof in:

 me’i’isei, roughly me’isei ‘being in a difficult condition e.g. like that of a sick person, having a difficult time’  dudungku ‘perplexed, at one’s wits’ end’, roughly the same as dungku  tededengke Pamona jingki ‘frightened, startled’ So far as is known to me, tededengke occurs only in reduplicated form, which is also the case with mo’o’anu ‘ashamed’ undoubtedly derived from the well-known stem anu; see § 207. By way of completeness, it will serve to mention that one-syllable reduplication with adjectives sometimes has a weakening force, for example mososa’o-ku ‘I am a bit angry’, mohohali the same as mohali-hali ‘a bit impressive, imposing’ see further § 351. This is also the case in momoiko ‘pretty, nice’; compare above with § 108. 116. As a rule, two-syllable reduplication with adjectives has a weakening meaning. In most cases the stem of the adjective along with the prefix if it has one is felt to be a unit, and thus the prefix shares in reduplication. However, formations in which this is not the case are also encountered. Examples are:  teko-tekosi ‘rather pretty, a bit pretty’; compare tekosi ‘pretty’ 18 [from main text, p. 78] Compare: wua-rui liu-mo mo-to-taha fruit-thorn quickly- PERF ADJ - REDP -ripe ‘wild raspberries which were already entirely or truly ripe’  teku-tekuda ‘a bit angry’; compare tekuda ‘angry’ [p. 79]  umpe-’umpeda ‘rather close by’; compare umpeda ‘close by’  moro-moroso ‘a bit strong, rather strong’; compare moroso ‘strong, solid’  wongi-wongi ‘dark’ in the sense of Malay gĕlap; from wongi ‘dark’ in the sense of Malay malam, as a noun meaning ‘night, time of darkness’ 19  hala-hala ‘for nothing, in vain, uselessly, amiss’, from hala, doublet of sala, ‘wrong, fault’ adjective or noun 20 Cases in which the prefix does not take part in two-syllable reduplication are madoo-doo or mado-madoo ‘a bit healthy’ and mo’ahi-’ahi ‘a bit salty’, among others. Sometimes one finds a difference in meaning between the two forms, such as in:  motu-motu’i ‘a bit dry’ motu’i-tu’i ‘dry time’ 21  molu-molusa ‘a bit soft, weak, flaccid’ molusa-lusa ‘very molusa’  menggo-menggori ‘a bit marked’ menggori-nggori ‘supplied with many small markings or figures’; compare menggori ‘supplied with markings or figures nggori’, such as the skin of some snakes, or cotton goods 19 [from main text, p. 79] Compare: wongi-wongi laro-no aa atuu REDP -dark inside-3 SG . POS hole that ‘the interior of that hole was dark’ nahi tehine tedonta-o-mo mata-no oleo, onae-mo ka i-potae NEG long.time fall-3 SG - PERF eye-3 SG . POS day 3 SG . INDEP - PERF and 3 SG -say lalu koa aku liu l[um]ako kasi koa i-wongi-wongi lahi surpass just 1 SG . FUT quickly PART :go lest just 3 SG - REDP -night exceed ‘shortly after the sun had gone down, then he said: it is best that I go at once, lest it become too dark’ 20 [from main text, p. 79] Compare for example: ba nahi ku-sala if NEG 1 SG -wrong ‘if I am not mistaken’, sala weweu wrong do ‘have an accident’, sala ta’u wrong yearly.planting ‘have crop failure’, hala n-sala kita wrong LG -road 1 PLN ‘we have gone the wrong way’. [footnote 1, p. 79] The form hala is usually encountered as a substantive with the meaning ‘transgression, penalty, the part which remains after something has been divided’, for example if one divides seven fish among three people, the hala is one fish. [from main text, p. 79] The source meaning of both hala and sala is ‘beside it’. Also sala-sala occurs in roughly the same meaning as hala-hala. For example, when one goes to do some certain work, but sees that it shall not be finished prior to the day being over, then one says: sala-sala ba to-weweu-o REDP -wrong if 1 PLN -do-3 SG ‘there is no reason it won’t be effective for us to do it, it would be better to postpone it’. 21 [from main text, p. 79] As in: kanandio andio mo-tu’i-tu’i-o-mo like.this this ADJ - REDP -dry-3 SG - PERF ‘it is at present already the dry time’  melo-meloba ‘somewhat mottled’ meloba-loba ‘supplied with many small spots’, next to meloba ‘mottled, spotted’  medu-medure ‘a bit striped’ medure-dure ‘supplied with many small stripes’, next to medure ‘striped’  mela-melara ‘a bit scarred’ melara-lara or melolara cf. § 114 ‘with scars’ In menggori-nggori, meloba-loba, medure-dure and melara-lara, the force of reduplication is plural, and therefore at the same time reducing or diminishing. This is also true of mewuku-wuku or mewuwuku ‘with knobs’, and further in forms such as:  tepudu-pudu ‘entirely, to a large extent broken tepudu’  teberi-beri ‘entirely, considerably torn teberi’  te’otu-’otu ‘entirely broken, broken in many parts’ of ropes, etc.  mobaho-baho ‘entirely wet’  lelu-lelu ‘incessantly moving’, e.g. of a branch moved by the wind; from lelu ‘move’ 22 The force of reduplication is also strengthening in:  aka-’aka ‘the oldest’  ua-’uai ‘the youngest’ 23  ntonga-ntonga ‘the most middle’ of children and in cases such as:  kode-kodei not ‘smallish’ but ‘small’  tede-tedei not ‘a bit little’ but ‘little’, ‘a small bit’, ‘just a bit’ compare tedoa tede-tedei ‘very small’  buke-buke ‘well full’  mo’o-mo’oru ‘very early in the morning’  se’e-se’eluno ‘in the beginning, at first’ adverbial, compare se’elu ‘first, prior’ The meaning of the stem has had an influence here. Compare also sompo-sompo ‘every, everywhere’ § 291. Two-syllable reduplication can also occur in negative contexts with strengthening force, e.g.: 22 [from main text, p. 79] Although lelu means ‘move’, it is especially used of the movement of the earth, e.g. nahi lelu ‘there is no earthquake’ literally ‘it moves not’. As a substantive, lelu means ‘earthquake’. 23 [footnote 2, p. 79] The forms aka Malay kakak and uai Malay adik are to be considered adjectives.  nahi otu -’otu mia me-laki olu NEG REDP -break person PL -go:to market ‘continually, without any break people go to the market’  nahi pingko -pingko pau-no NEG REDP -used.up talk-3 SG . POS ‘his words never come to an end’ [p. 80] The prefix te-which forms modal imperatives see § 243 naturally constitutes no part of the word before which it is placed, and thus does not take part in two-syllable reduplication. Examples are:  temara-mararu ‘let it happenbe somewhat often’  temolu-molue ‘take care that it the rice field, for example is somewhat large, expansive’  te-moi-moiko koa da’a ba u-taha-akune gansi-ku atuu VOL - REDP -good just INTENS if 2 SG -carve- APPL :1 SG top-1 SG . POS that ‘take care a bit let it be somewhat good when you cut that top of mine for me’ Here follow yet other sentences as illustration:  da ola -’olai ira, do-kita-o-mo meti still REDP -far 3 PL 3 PL -see-3 SG - PERF oyster ia wiwi-no tahi at edge-3 SG . POS sea ‘when they were yet a bit far off, they saw a meti k.o. shellfish on the seashore’  me-langka-langkai ira-mo nana’ote andio-do PL - REDP -big 3 PL - PERF child this-3 PL . POS ‘these children were somewhat larger’  tedoa mo-holo-holo lere-do ue-ku andio very ADJ - REDP -small dry.field-3 PL . POS lord-1 SG . POS this ‘this unirrigated rice field of my lord is very small of surface area’ 117. Examples of reduplication in adjectives which are onomatopoetic have been given above § 108. Another example of an adjective which is always encountered in reduplicated form is monge-monge ‘stupid’, though compare malumonge ‘a bit stupid’ with prefix malu-; see § 357.

118. Finally, mention must be made of one- and two-syllable reduplication as