Tontemboan pi’is; mopute ‘white’, Malay putih; causative prefixes pa- and po-, Austronesian; puru ‘quail’, Malay puyuh; paso ‘wooden peg, nail’, Malay pasak; api ‘fire’, Malay id.
Examples of p in onomatopoetic words are paa-paa ‘crow’, pii-piido dialectally ‘quail’, mepio-pioli ‘peep’ of chickens and mompuuri ‘blow, blow on’.
A p has been lost at the beginning in: ue ‘master, mister, missus, grandfather, grandmother; grandchild in the vocative’, Pamona pue, from the
IN root pu mo’opu ‘pick’, Pamona, Old Javanese pupu, Nias fofo
apa ‘side’ of a house, mountain, etc., Pamona id., Bada papa’, Tontemboan pa’par An example of the alternation of p and t is perhaps found in Tinompo pipisu, Karunsi’e piipiisu, Padoe titisu
‘moustache’
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A word such as perei ‘free from corvée’ Dutch vrij does not require that Dutch v is replaced by p in borrowed words, because the Mori people have naturally heard the word from someone in whose mouth the v
already sounds like p a native assistant to a government official, for example. Usually f and v are replaced by w in Mori, for example Waransi ‘France’.
mp.
56. One finds original mp for example in: kompo ‘belly’, Mongondow kompong, Javanese k
ĕmpung; sampu Tinompo, tampu Upper Mori ‘covered’, Malay tampuk; mo’empehi ‘cover with an underlayer’ in order to sit
down on something, Tontemboan ĕmpar, Sangirese ĕmpahĕ, Malay kampar. An original mp can also be spoken of
in some onomatopoetic and motion words, e.g.: polotumpe, the sound of someone, who falls making himself heard; kumimpaa, said of objects which fall noisily on the floor.
As a rule, mp at the beginning of words originates from prenasalization of p, [p. 42]
for example in mpiha ‘only, solely, constantly’, from piha, Javanese pisan; see § 287.
b.
57. Examples of original b are: banga ‘coconut shell’, Philippine languages id. ‘pot for water’; bangka ‘boat,
coffin’, Austronesian; basu ‘large carry-basket’, Malay basung; mobatu ‘hack into pieces’ especially of meat, Minangkabau batu
ĕh; baru ‘palm wine’, Toba Batak bagot; tebubusi Impo ‘poured out’, Malay bubuh; robu ‘bamboo sprout’ as vegetable, Malay r
ĕbung; montobosi ‘exchange’, Malay tĕbus. In onomatopoeia and the such: bembe ‘goat’; buse, an interjection for chasing pigs away; mombubu ‘make a bubbling sound’; buri, used to spur on
fighting cocks. An initial b has been lost in:
ara Upper Mori, though not Impo or Molongkuni, question word, from bara, Malay barang oli stem ‘buy’, Malay bĕli
ehe stem next to behe ‘want’ uni ‘sound’, Malay bunyi
58
[Postscript, p. 41] Wulu ntitisu ‘moustache’ is also used in Tinompo beside both pipisu and wulu mpipisu.
eo-’eo ‘silhouette’, Malay bayang ore or bore, term of address for girls of high position.
Regarding the alternation of b and d, see § 64. Regarding the alternation of b and w, see § 59.
mb.
58. In present-day Tinompo it is no longer usual for w to be prenasalized to mb, but formerly this
prenasalization—like that of r to nd—must have indeed been in use see § 19. As an initial consonant, mb can be considered original
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in onomatopoetic and motion words such as: mbuu, the sound of a plop in water; mombubu ‘make a bubbling sound as air escapes out of a bamboo cooker or bottle, which
is filled with water’; mbimbiri, the sound which a thrown non-spherical stone makes as it travels through the air. An original mb is further found in words such as: mbumbunge ‘ridge of the roof’, Malay bumbungan; montambai
‘add, increase’, Malay tambah; monsumbele ‘slaughter’, Malay s ĕmbĕleh; monsumbu ‘extend, lengthen’, Malay
sambung; mesomba ‘offer homage’, Malay, Javanese s ĕmbah.
In borrowed words an mb is sometimes found in place of m, e.g. tombene Sampalowo, the name of a shrub which is planted in order to serve as a fence, for tomene, which in Pamona is the name given to the Mandarese. The
tombene is thus an introduced plant, named after the people whence it originated. Examples of prenasalization of b are: asa mbali ‘a side’, stem bali;
[p. 43] mboro Molio’a ‘perhaps’, also
occurring as interrogative particle in subordinate questions, from bara, Malay barang compare § 57. Tinompo has moro, which originates back from mboro compare § 26. See also §§ 20 and 27.
Often an mb has originated from an mp. Examples from Tinompo of this sound change are: the
prefix mambe- next to mape- see § 343
mombio ‘do what?’, from mompio, from pio Upper Mori ‘what?’ umbu ‘owner’, Pamona tumpu, from honorific tu- plus the root pu.
Examples from Upper Mori are sombo ‘each, every’, Tinompo sompo; ambo, from ampo, Moiki, Tiu, Watu and Karunsi’e apo ‘not yet’; monsombui, Tinompo mosompui ‘roast or dry above the fire’, etc. etc. Compare also § 26.
w.
59. Concerning the two w’s which Mori has, see §§ 15 and 16. Here consideration is given only to the bilabial
fricative [ ʋ], the only sound which is rendered in the orthography—and rightly so—with w. Sometimes this w has
originated as a transitional glide, such as in uwoi, from uoi, IN wair, Pamona ue, Napu owai, ‘water’. The alternation of w with b is very frequent, in the first place in the language itself, as emerges from the
following examples: mowuwuri manu ‘strew rice for the chickens’, tebubusi Impo ‘poured out’, compare Tinompo mo’uwu
‘pour out’
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[footnote 1, p. 42] See however § 24.
mongkawe ‘beckon with the hand’, mongkabe ‘draw close to oneself’ compare kambe § 20 mobaho Tinompo ‘bathe’, mowaha Upper Mori ‘wet’, Malay basah
moboo Tinompo, mowoa Impo, Molongkuni ‘rotten, decayed’ mowawa ‘bring, bring with’, mobaba ‘carry on the back using a cloth’ e.g. a child
bebe ‘stupid’, in Upper Mori wewe, wewe-wewe mebalo Watu, Karunsi’e, mewalo Tinompo ‘thick, fat’
baki Tinompo ‘small carry-basket made of rattan’ used by women, waki Molio’a ‘small carry basket made from the bark of the sago palm’ used by men; Malay bakul, Tontemboan wakul
bibi Tinompo ‘tremble, shake, shiver’, wembe Molongkuni ‘tremble’ e.g. of the floor, Pamona wembe ‘fever’ in Tinompo expressed by bibi
Examples of the alternation of w or b in Mori with b or w in related languages are: bailo ‘sorghum’, Pamona wailo
walu ‘widow in mourning’, Pamona balu wunta ‘paper, letter, book’, Pamona bunta, a tree which yields bark cloth
botika ‘spring-lance’, Pamona watika bose ‘oar’, Pamona wose, Sundanese boseh
bonti ‘wild pig’, Ampana wonti and Pamona boti ‘monkey’, Pamona baula wonti ‘an entirely black carabao’
mobongo ‘deaf’, Pamona wongo and bongo, Tagalog bingi, Tontemboan wĕngĕl buroko ‘throat’, Pamona wuroko
buli ‘bitter wood for palm wine’, Pamona wuli wunu ‘tree species’, Pamona bono
mowohi ‘satisfied’, Pamona mabosu, Javanese bĕsur see § 91δ wowa ‘opening, entrance’ of a mouth, bottle, etc., pewowa ‘door opening’, Pamona wobo = Mori wowa
and wombo = Mori pewowa
60. An initial w has been lost in:
