Concerning the equivalent of our independent possessive pronouns, see § 207.

and the such. In Pamona -nya can also be used in similar cases, for example [p. 103] we’a samba’a-nya ‘another woman’, to be distinguished from we’a samba’a ‘a woman’ but which can also mean ‘another woman’. It can further be remarked that without -no the above-mentioned forms would not be complete. 28 Apparently the meaning of -no here is ‘…than the first-mentioned’.

149. Concerning the equivalent of our independent possessive pronouns, see § 207.

Concerning the possessive pronouns added following adjectives, see §§ 231 and 252. The possessive pronouns are also encountered after some numerals; see §§ 282 and 288. Concerning the possessive pronouns in combination with the independent pronouns, see § 154. They are also added after ongkue, etc. to form the expressions for ‘myself’, etc.; see § 155. Concerning -do after demonstratives, see § 176. In this last case -do could actually be nothing other than a plural marker. Set III. 150. A set of pronouns which corresponds almost entirely to the first, suffixed set are placed before verbs in their participle form and adjectives as future formations. Apart from the fact that aku is sometimes shortened to ku, and that ko and komiu are also encountered in the fuller forms iko and ikomiu, the only difference with Set I pronouns is found in the third person singular. In the list of pronoun sets, I have placed ta in parentheses because it apparently is not a pronoun but rather a particle which indicates future intention, desire, etc. The element ta or da in Pamona one uses da in the same function, but with all persons is well known, compare for example Malay h ndak and Javanese dak- or tak-, prefix of the first person singular of the conjugated forms. That Mori ta is in actuality not a pronoun but a future particle, appears from the fact that next to ta also occurs the form ita, in which a third person singular element i is truly present the Upper Mori form olo, from o + lo, is comparable; see § 237. Presumably as a shortening of ita, however, ta presently occupies the place of the missing third person singular pronoun, e.g. aku lumako ‘I shall go’, ta lumako ‘he she, it will go’, especially as ta is not used with other persons. The pronominal character of ta is seen even more clearly in the expression ta hina ‘there shall be’, next to hinao ‘there is’: no sooner does ta occur, than the third person singular pronoun -o disappears. 29 The forms of Set III are taken to be dependent, as they can never occur as self-standing particles. Unlike the pronouns of Set I, however, these forms can be separated from the word before which they stand by certain particles especially -mo, koa, for example: aku koa booli komiu, tabulu komiu-mo meng-kale-o 1 SG . FUT just call 2 PL when 2 PL . FUT - PERF PL -open-3 SG ‘I will indeed call to you, when you must open it’ ku-mo koa lako 30 mon-tinei uwoi-no o’ora a n-tobu 1 SG . FUT - PERF just go PART : TRI -collect water-3 SG . POS k.o.liana at LG -forest ‘I shall thus just go collect water of the o’ora a water-containing liana in the forest’ [p. 104] 28 [Postscript, p. 103] The use of -no however is not always required, for example mia i singge iniano, tosingge-’iniano ‘people from another village other villages, foreigners’. 29 [Postscript, p. 103] The expression ta hinao is also sometimes once in a while used, but this apparently is a new formation. 30 [footnote 1, p. 103] The participle form—which belongs with ku-, but is separated therefrom by -mo koa—is lako ‘go’. Just as in other languages, in many cases this word has lost its specific meaning and has descended to the rank of an inchoative particle. The shortening of the participle form lumako or an older form of this word to lako is related to this. Just as with the suffixed forms of Set I, thus here also the particles mo, etc. immediately follow after the pronouns; see § 244. The future forms exhibit a certain similarity to the conjugated forms. In cases namely in which as a rule a conjugated form is called for, these can be replaced by a future form. Thus if the sense requires it, a future form may occur following ka ‘in order that, so that, that, and’, nahi ‘not’, etc., even though they otherwise can only be constructed with a conjugated form except for ka in the sense of ‘and’. See § 214 ff. Since the future forms come up for discussion again, refer to Chapter 8 §§ 236–237 for further examples. Set IV. 151. In Mori there occur conjugated forms not only of transitive verbs, but also of intransitives, numerals and other forms. Concerning the latter, see Chapter 5, “Substantive constructions and conjugation of intransitives, etc.” The following serves as a paradigm for conjugated transitive verbs with definite objects: singular ku-kita-o ‘I see it, I saw it’, etc. 31 u-kita-o ‘you see it’, etc. i-kita-o ‘he, she, it sees it’, etc. dual to-kita-o ‘we inclusive see it’, etc. ki-kita-o ‘we exclusive see it’, etc. i-kita-o ‘you all see it, you singular, polite see it’, etc. do-kita-o ‘they see it, he, she polite see it’, etc. plural to-meng-kita-o ‘we inclusive see it’, etc. ki-meng-kita-o ‘we exclusive see it’, etc. i-meng-kita-o ‘you all see it, you singular, polite see it’, etc. do-meng-kita-o ‘they see it, he, she polite see it’, etc. Regarding the plural subject prefix meng-, see § 224. As has already been noted in § 143–144, all transitive verb forms of which the object is definite contain an indication of that object in the form of a suffix. In the above paradigm the third singular form -o has been chosen for this purpose, but naturally this -o may be replaced—as required by the circumstances—by one of the other suffixes treated in § 143 ff. With forms such as the above, not only can the object be further specified by a substantive or something similar, but so too can the subject. The pronominal prefixes which provisionally indicate the subject in that case are QUASI - PLEONASTIC , and thus in this respect are like the suffixes; see §§ 143 and 147. The same also applies to the subject pronouns which occur in future forms. Ordinarily further indication of the subject if there is any is placed after the conjugated form. The order predicate-subject is for that matter usual in Mori 32 leaving out of consideration any pronominal indication of the subject. Examples are: [p. 105] 31 [footnote 1, p. 104] That a different form is used for future time has already been mentioned in § 150. 32 [Postscript, p. 104] When one makes an ordinary statement the subject mostly precedes, as it occurs most in the foreground, e.g. ana-ku mahaki ‘my child is sick’, dahu-ku molai ‘my hound has taken off’. Compare this to mahaki-o-mo ana- ku, molai-o-mo dahu-ku, with -mo, which indicates a contrast with a preceding situation so that somewhat more emphasis falls on the predicate. i-potae ine-do andio: si m-po-hohoi, ana, kasi 3 SG -say mother-3 PL . POS this NEG . IMPV PL - TRI -make.noise child lest do-ronge kita Datu ka i Ngeo 3 PL -hear 1 PLN Datu and PN Cat literally: ‘she said namely this their mother: don’t make any noise, lest they hear us namely Datu 33 and Cat’ mansa-no teboka nganga-no meti andio molai-o-mo i Bange; at.once-3 SG . POS opened mouth-3 SG . POS oyster this flee-3 SG - PERF PN Monkey i-poboi-o-mo i Bibiundi ira mekule ia m-po’ianga-do 3 SG -call-3 SG - PERF PN Wild.Duck 3 PL . FUT PART :return to LG -living.place-3 PL . POS ‘when the mouth of the oyster had opened, Monkey set off at a run; Wild Duck called him they should return to their living place’ Tutulu-no i Bonti. I-’oluako-no mia ka do-pe-’asa-lere story-3 SG . POS PN Wild.Pig 3 SG -invite-3 SG person and 3 PL - INTR -one-field ‘The story of Wild Pig. A person invited him to set out a garden together…’ It merits some attention that in the last two examples i Bibiundi and mia—the nominal constituents following the conjugated form—cannot have reference to the object but only the subject. If with a similar conjugated form both the subject and the object are further indicated, the subject is mentioned first and thereafter the object. For example: ka i-dontai-ako-no i Bange kuli-no koa; onae-mo ka and 3 SG -drop- APPL -3 SG PN Monkey skin-3 SG . POS just 3 SG . INDEP - PERF and i-’akala-o i Re’a i Bange 3 SG -deceive-3 SG PN Turtle PN Monkey ‘and Monkey let fall for her only the skin of it; thereupon Turtle used a trick against Monkey’ However, cases also occur in which the subject precedes the conjugated form and thus also the pronominal marking. For example: ine-no i Wakuka andio i-po-binta-ako ira koa kinaa-do mother-3 SG . POS PN Wakuka this 3 SG - TRI -leave- APPL 3 PL just food-3 PL . POS ‘Wakuka’s mother left their food behind for them’ i Rawu andio i-sampaowea-o i Luka PN Blind this 3 SG -carry.on.shoulder-3 SG PN Lame ‘Blind carried Lame on his shoulders’ Such constructions exhibit similarities with constructions in Dutch, where, however, the development is much further advanced: what in Mori constitutes a FURTHER denoting of the subject, is in our language the SOLE indication thereof, while the elements which correspond to the Mori conjugating prefixes, have in our language descended to the rank of conjugating exponents, ‘terminations’ without any characteristic meaning the t in de man loopt, for example. Also in Pamona there is a perceptible inclination not to use a participle form but rather a conjugated form of a transitive verb after a fronted subject. Little or no emphasis falls on subjects constructed in this way. In other cases in Mori emphasis is indeed registered by placing a word or expression preceding thus actually outside the sentence context, for example: 33 [footnote 1, p. 105] Concerning Datu, see § 100. i Re’a langkai-o-mo punti-no, i Bange pingko-o-mo PN Turtle big-3 SG - PERF banana-3 SG . POS PN Monkey finished-3 SG - PERF punti-no banana-3 SG ‘Turtle’s bananas were already big, Monkey’s bananas were finished off’ ongkue, i-potae i Guru Bisa, ala-o-mo ihi-no 1 SG . INDEP 3 SG -say PN Teacher Bisa get-3 SG - PERF content-3 SG . POS raha-ku andio ba nahi ku-poko-guru house-1 SG . POS this if NEG 1 SG - POTENT -teach ‘as far as I am concerned, said Teacher Bisa, take the entire contents of my house, if when I am not able to teach’ The use which is made of conjugated forms with definite objects is somewhat limited by various circumstances: when the object is not ENTIRELY definite they cannot be employed see § 221; in relative clauses and in clauses which can be considered as such, see § 200, etc., one uses as a rule not conjugated forms but [p. 106] participle forms see § 220 ff.; and for the future tense one has a separate set of forms see § 150, which are better not designated with the label ‘conjugated forms’. But the limitations which apply to the use of conjugated forms of transitives with indefinite objects, intransitives, etc. see Chapter 5 are not applicable to the forms treated here. Set V.

152. The independent pronouns ongkue, etc.